l\ m^'-^''
i . 'A
UNIVERSITY or PITTSBURGH
ar ,
1693 E58M83
JDarlington JVLemoriai J-diarary
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
University of Pittsburgh Library System
http://www.archive.org/details/geographyrectifiOOmord
A Catalogue of the Maps in this Book.
iT-T'7'Orld Fol. 12
2 W E V R 0 ? E i6
3 England^Scotlandydc Irdand, 2 i
4 England 23
5 IVales 3^
6 Scotland S^
7 Ireland 4 2
8 Denmark^ 53 p Sweden and Norway ^S
10 Mufcovia^dcc. 72
11 Po/W So
1 2 Tariary in Europe 8 8
13 Moldavia.Valachia^Tranfilv. 9$
|
14 Hnngaria |
100 |
|
I 5 Germany |
114 |
|
I ^ The Vnited Provinces |
i<5o |
|
1 7 The -5^rf«//Z; Provinces |
174 |
|
18 France |
IpO |
|
19 Spain |
202 |
|
20 Portugal |
221 |
|
21 J/^/y |
225 |
2 2 Helvetia^ ox Schppitx,erland2 2'6
23 4?4ro)/ and Piedmont 236
24 5/a/y 2 5 (5
2 5 Sclavon.Cro.nia.Valmat.&c.'^^o 16 Servia^ Bulgaria^ &c. 2 5<5 2d Greece 2<5p 2% A S I A 341 ap The 7«rjl^ Empire in /^J/?^ 345 5 o Canaan^ or the Ho/)' L^«(^ 3 5 8
3 I Armenia 3 "^^ 32 Cypriis.ihc Ifles o^AfiaMinSl3 3 3 Turklfh Empire in general 3^2 34 Arabia 3^*^ 3 5 Per/;^ . 39^ $6 Tart aria in Jfia 4 "^7 3 7 Empire of the Great Mogul 415 3 8 Z/7^ij on t his fid e Ganges 42-3 3P J^icZ/j beyond Ganges 43 ' 40 C/?/«^ 43^
41 Japan 444
42 Maldives I Hands 448
43 Ceylon 45 O
44 The Ifles of 5(?We 454
45 The P^///^/;i«e Iflands 45<^ 4^ The Mo/afcj Iflands 458 ^7 ^ F R I C A 4^1
48 Barbary 4<58
49 Fez and Morocco 470
50 ^/^/er 480 5ri Egypt 48p
52 Biledulger,Zaara^Guiny^&c, 503
53 Ethiopia^ ox Hihejjinia 50 c?
54 Congo^Scc. 522
55 Cafferia & Monomotapa 524 5'^ Zang^aebar $27
57 The Ifles of Azores 52p
58 The C^«ar)/-Iflands 531 5P Crt/^e Fer-dZe Iflands 534 60 Madagafcar^ d)Cr., 5-37 i^l Maltha 540 62 AMERICA 542 ^3 Magellanica 545 ^4 Chili znd Paraguay 550 <55 Brazile 553 <^^ Amaz.one^ Verity Guyana^Caflel-
ladelOr^dcc. 55^
^7 The Weftern Iflands 5^4 <^8 Jamaica ^6j
69 Bermudas^ between 574, 575
70 Barbadoes 577
71 ]Ve»» 5'/'^/« 576
72 Nerv Mexico 5-85
73 Florida:, and the Lakes of C<»- «<2^<7 5^7
74 Carolina 589
75 Virginiaznd Maryland 591 7<^ Penjtl'vania.zndN^wJerfey 5^7
77 New E«g/. and New TorJ^ <5o6
78 Northw. part of /4w?w^ 619
eogtapftp ^aeftifteu:
O R, A
DESCRIPTION
OF THE
WORLD,
In all its Kingdoms ;, Provinces ;, Countries;,
Iflands, Cities, Towns, Seas, Rivers, Bayes, Capes, Ports ; Their Ancient and Prefent Names, Inhabitants, Situations, Hiftories, Cuftoms, Governments, drc.
As al(b their Commodities, Coins, Weights, and
Meafures, Comparedwith thofe at LON DON,
llhfirated with Seventy eight MAPS,
the Jhird Edition.Enlarged.'To which is added a Cowpksit Geographical Index to the Whoky j4lphabetical)y digefied.
The whole Work performed according to the more Accurate Obfervatioiis and Difcoveries of Modern Authors.
By ^0 S E HIT M 0 ^7) E
L 0 N D 0 N ■
Printed ^oxRohert Morden 2ind Thomas CockeriH^ at t\\Q Atlas in CornhiU^ and at the Thnt Legs in the Poullrej, over-againft the Stocks-Market. M DC XCIII.
s>
^
To his moft Worthy and moft Honoured Friend,
Mr. THOMAS GODDARD,
, of London, MERCHANT.
HAVING made many Confiderable Im- provements and Additions to my Geogra- phy in this Third Edition, I have all the reafon in the world to flhelcer it once more under the Patronage of your Name , whole Affairs Abroad have not only given you a betterKnowIe Jg and Experience of Foreign Parts ; but whofe En- couragement and Bounty, next to Divine Good- nefs , have only contributed to its Production , which otherwife with its poor Author, muft have for ever lain latent under the Horizon of unknown Obfcurity, and irrefiftible Poverty. The declining therefore the Imputation of Ingratitude, is my on- ly Plea ; and though it may not be pleafing to you, yet not to have done it in my Circumftances , would have been my juft Crime. I humbly therefore beg your Goodnefs will be pleafed to add to your former Kindnefles, that of paf^ fing by the Imperfections of what is offered. In ex- cufeof which, I can only fay, That as 'tis not the
Induftryj
Indiiflry of one Age that can redlify and compleat the 4taxie of Geography ; nor the work of any one man that of Coins^ Weights, and Meafures j fo a well- meaning Eflay towards both, I hope will find a Courteous Entertainment from the more judicious and unprejudiced Reader; For I have this, I will not fay to juftify , but to excufeat leaft, my bold=» ne(s and forwardnefs, that if I had known thefe things to have been but tolerably performed by others, I had neither troubled my Reader , nor mif-fpentmy own time about the Re(5Vification of them^ wherein, although I have again made ma- ny Corre6tions and Amendments, yet that I have made good feme mens Expectations, and freed them from all defers and overfighcs, neither my Fears nor my Modefty will permit me to be confi- dent of; fo that knowing this Work which I have undertaken, is liable to common Cenfure, I am bold to fhrowd it under your Protection, humbly imploring your kind Reception and Pardon for this my Prefumption ; for which, and for the excefs of many Favours,! fhall ever pray for theProfperity of You and Yours ^ and for ever acknowledge my felf^
Your moft Humble y 7mH Faithful^
and moH Obliged Servant ^
Robert Morden.
To the READER.
0 great was the attempt of my firfi Effay^ in the pihlifhing of z^/y Geography Re6lifi'd , that for my hetdkfs frt- fumptiofj I can alledg no excufe^ unkfs^ That the zeal of my love for its Truth^ fo tranfported my fenfts, as I con- jidered not the weight I undertook. And therefore I again crave pardon for the audacity of that Attempt* Humbly acknowledging^ a M^ork of that concernment and difficulty in itfelf^ did well dt~ ferve the conjun^ion of many heads and hands \ andftrely more advantagiom had it been unto Geography, to have fallen into the Endeavours of fome able Advancers ^ that mighty have per" formed it unto the life, and added Authority thereto. For J am not ignorant of the difcouragement ofContradiB'wn^ of the diffi- culty of Diffuafion,fromradicated beliefs of what cold requitals fome have found in their Redemptions of Truth \and how ingeni- ous Difcoveries have been difmi^ed with obliquity^ and cenfured with fmgularity : But the kind Reception it found from fever al Worthy and Learned Gentlemen^ more efpecially that Influence that it received from the two mofl Learned Vniverjities of the World^ Oxford and Ca_mbridg, hath once more drawn me upon the Horizon of PublickFiew, not as a Mafter^ but as a poor La- bourer^carryingthe Carved Stone s^and the Polifhed Pillars of the more skilful Architects tofet them in my mean Fabrick. I have indeed laid my building upon other mens foundations ; for who in this Subjeci can dootherwife ? Nor do I hold it a Phgiary to fay y 1 have ufsd their Richefl Jewels to adorn this Work. In excufe whereof give me leave to plead^ That in all Arguments and Sub- jeBs which have been written npon^from the infancy of Learning., to this Age., there hath been a continnal firife 2nd emulation among Writers^ to mend^fupply^ or methodize whxtfoever hath been done before. It would be too tedious to reckon up the fever al Authors on fome one Suh\eUy being a Truth fo obvious as not to need much
proof.,
To the READER.
proofs nor is it Itfs apparent, that ft ill the latter mufl needs have a great adv.wtage beyond the former, by adding the experience of his own times to the perufal of what was formerly attained unto ; more efpecially //^Hiftory and Geography ;/<3r tho m the Axioms^ Theorems and Propofitions of Logick, Philofbphy, Mathema- cicks, drc. that which was once Truth remains (o for ever \ yet in Hiftory there is a nectffity of Continuation^ and in Geography of Alteration from time to time ; fo that as^tis no prefmiption to write upon this Subject^ tho treated of by others famous for Learn' ing and Parts \ fo it is a boldmfs jufiifiable by truth ^ to affirm that all former Gtogvdi^hxts diligently compared with the more acu- rate Obfervttions and D if coveries of late years ^ are greatly defc- iijve^ and flrangely erroneous. And that I may not be thought to he fingular in my affertion^feewhat the Indufirious Mr. Wright fiid in his Cor region of Errors in Navigation ; whtre he tells us. That the Longitude of Places would well deferve both Labour andCofi. A:'tdthothe Reclifcationof them were 'more abufie and fxpinftve work^ than profitable ', yet mo ft worthy and neceffary to be Uboured in^ as without which all Chart s.. Maps, Globes, and all other Hydrographical and Geographical Dejcripiions cannot be fned from many intricate abfurdtties wherewith they are now every where pejltred and perplexed : And who that loveth Truth, faith he, can patiently endure the Mariners common and con ft ant complaint of I 50 or 200 Leagues error in the diftance between the Bay of Mexico and the Azores ( or that which is more int oi- ler able and monftrous ) of 6zo Leagues difference in the diftance between Cape Mendofino, and Cape Californio ? A'^d in another place he tells m^that the heft Hydrographers of that Age found fuch difficulties in labouring to bring their Marine Defer ipt ions to Jome correfpondence of truth, that tired herewith, in tht end they have holden it impoffihle ; wherein not with (landing, faith he, they err in holding that to be fimply impoffible, which cannot be done by fnch ways and means as they '^now and ufe.
And the Ingenious A/r.Hally tells us in one of his Philofophical Tranf aliens y That the Dutch Maps were out more than i o De- grees.
To the R E A D E R.
wrees. B(4t Sanfon'^ i8 Degrees mdifta^ce betweetiLoTidiOn and %d\h{oKQ.Andin truth as to all the Dutch 4;;:^ French Mips that 1 have feen, they mrefofalfe and imperft^j that as I was obli- ged in my fir ft Edition to alter many places in Europe 3 Degr.o/ Latitude, and more than 5 in Longitude; to makeMva and Ame- rica rvhollj new, md to rt^ify Africa more than 10 Degr. J^sd^ in the fecond Impreffion to infer t more than 10 New Maps of Countries, fome never extant in any Geography before : So aL fo in this Third Edition I have added a Geographical Index to the whole Work, Alphabetically digefted. As alfo many Cities, Towns, IJlmds, Rivers, with the Ancient and Modern Names, with many other Improvements, which were omitted in. the for- mer\fo that'*tis intrutha NewGeography.^W^^/ Iknow this wants thtHdps and Advantages of a moreLearnedPen;and indeed it ought to have been freed from thofe frequent avocations anddi- ftitrbances that attend a publickShop andTrade,Thefe were intruth too great difadvantages for the rendring a Book of this nature fo compleat and perftii, and of fo conftant and regular a fMe, as might be expe^ed from others, who fe quiet doors, andunmokft- edhours afford no fuch Diftraaions. However, in the compofmg of this, I have taken a due regard and greater care in the choice of Authors ', nor have Ibeen lefs ftudiom in avoiding weak and frivolous Relations, but to prefent plainly the Truth of Geogra- phy and Hiftory jfrom its fir ft beginning, fo far as "^tis made known to us by the moft approved Writers, And all this after ma- ny years experience, not only in making and proyeBing of Globes, Maps, &C. but alfo in examining and comparing of the Relati- ons, Difcoveries, Obfervations, Draughts, Journals, and Wri- tings, as well of the Ancient as Modern Geographers, Travel- lers, Mariners, d^r. wherein I have taken much pains, andfpent much time ; tho to my own profit I have done nothing : Only may this be but ufeful and acceptable to the young Gentry and Scholars of England, anil am fure of this one advantage. That I [hall ha.ve many an idle hour the lefs to account for .
Some
%
To the READER.
Somem,yyetthMth,U^^^,,„ji„^ll and the Difco^rfe toe
Defignm.t! Bn'yny,,vherem I rather co^fitted yoL Advmt2
fothat ,va. oft,»t,mesmorefolic,tommd conceLd toLZr n'hat, ,h.n .hat not to ,vrite : Tet have i»du/r,o,f/ly eJeaZZ edhj^mf.rtio^ofthe moft ,mportant Obfervables,thil nothZZa
. tend mkrtr, the Maps or hefcr,ptiL may k- n^J^^'joZ.
rejpemve parts, a> may makegmdour Title : For without var,H, , may he affirmed, that as compe»dtom as it is, yet ym hive he l tnno«,fnmrned „p the Reverend Oifervattlis of thTJ^Z't
tht mod CurinulZV f ""'VZ^' ^^io ugh for the Readings of i^emoitumous md much at Leiure.yet may ferve as ththful Introdtidtton to their moreVoiHmiJJ^Ty.d j V
cjnently of ever dot J of them A J LI Y^'P^M^, nnd confix
Your moft Humble and Obedient Servant,
RO B E RT MO R DEN.'
* . ■ An
A N
IntrodudJion
T O
GEOGRAPH
GEOGKAVHX is a Science which Teacheththe Defcription and Dimenfion of all the Earthy as it doth together with theTfater^ compofe that round Body, which from its form is called the Orb or Globe of the Earth ; Defcribing the Scituations, and Meafuring the Diftances of all its parts. The Earth is placed in refped of the other Flanets or Stars of the Univerfe, according to Ptolomy and Tycho^ in the Centre, fixed and im- moveable 5 but according to Copernicus^ between the Orbs of Mars and Venus, moveable.
For according to Celeftial Appearances, one of thefe two Hypothefes muft be granted : i. That the Earth is placed in the Center, immove- ble, and that all the Celeftial Bodies do move round it in their Diur- nal and Annual Revolutions, as in Fig. i.
2. Or that the Sun is the Center of the Planets and Fixed Stars, which have no daily Motion, but that this Earth, Sea, and Air about it, hath a twofold Motion, one Diurnal, about its own Center in 24 hours, whereby all its parts are alternately enlightned, and Day and Night fuccefllively enjoyed ; the other, its Annual Motion, by which it is carried about the Sun in the fpace of a Year, whereby all places in courfe enjoy Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winttr. Fig. 2 .
B Thefc
2 An Introh^ton to Geogrdphy.
Thefe Hypothefes, with the Circles of the Sphere, and Motion of the Planets, you will Hnd explicated anddemon(hated more at large, in my Introdudion toOrtronomy and Geography.
The Globe of the Earth is varioufly Defcribed by Geographers into Lines and Parts^ which are either Real or Imaginary,
The Real parts of the "terreftrial Globe are Earth and Water. Tlie Imaginary parts are certain Ltnes^ which are not materially, but for the better underftanding of this Science, are fuppofed to be on or above the Earth.
Thefe Lines are either Strait^ or Circular. The y^wV is a ftrait line palling through the midftor Center of the Earth, which is the Diame- ter of the Univerfe; the extreme points or ends whereof, are called the Tohs\ the one Point is called the y^r^^ci^, or Nortb-Poley the other the AntarClick^y or South- Pole.
Thefe Poles are twofold ^ i . The Poles of the World, or Equator^ upon which is made the daily Motion from Eafi to IVcfl. 2 . The Poles of the Ecliptic]^^ upon which the Earth, or all the Celeftial Bodies do make their Yearly Revolution from JVefi to Eafi.
The Circular Lines are divided into the greater and the lefTer : The Gre^j/erOVc/e/ are fuch as divide the Globe into two equal parts, and are four in number, Meridian^ Horizon ^Equator ^ Ediptick^: And thefe are either fixed, as the Equator and Ecliptickji or moveable with the mutation of places, as the Meridian^ and Horizon.
The Horizon^ the Boundary or Termination of our fight, is the on- ly Great Circle obfervable by the eye 5 for being upon a Plain in any fair Day or Night, and looking where the Heavens and Earth part, we fee an apparent Circle^ which divides the vifible part of Heaven from the invifible; extending it felf into a ftrait line, from the Su- perficies of the Earth every way round about that place you ftand upon -, dividing the Heavens into two unequal parts, which is defign- ed out by the fight ^ and is fometimes greater or leffer, according to the condition of the place. But this H(jr/2SOT is not the true Horizon^ but parallel to it, and therefore called the Senfible or vifible Horizon^ comprehending all that fpace of the earth which is vifible, and di- ftinguilhing it from the reft which lieth under, and is invifible.
The other Horizon^ which is called the True or Rational Horizon^ is a Great Circle, dividing that part of the Heavens which is above us, from that part which is under us, exadly into two two equal parts, paffing through the Center of the Earth, always certain and the fame 5 fuppofe a Line of DirediOn perpendicular to it, paffing through to the Point, diredly oyer our head, called thQ Zeniib^ and another
directly
An Intro^uEiion to Geography, ■»
ditedly under our feet, called the 'i^adir^ which are the two Poles of the Horizon^ and po degrees diftant from if.
By this Circle our Days and Nighfs are meafured ; for that time wherein the Sun continueth above the Horizm, we call an Artifical Day, and the time that he is under it, the Night; it alfo (hews the Riling and Setting of the Stars and Planets \ for when they come up from the dark Hemifphere^ they are faid to R ife, and per contra^ when they go down, are (aid to Set.
The Meridian is a Circle paifing through the Voles of the Earthy and the Vertical or Zenith point of the Horizon^ croiling it at right Angles, dividing the Earth into two equal parts or Hemifpheres, in the Points of North and South', the one Ejjiern, the other IFeJiern: And is fo called, becaufe when the Snn com€ih to the Meridian of zny place, it is Noon, or Mid-day: Many in number, becaufe all places from Ea(i to Weji^ have feveral Meridians :
Amongfl: thefe, one is of fpecial Note and Ufe, which Geographers Cd\\ the firji or chief Meridian: This fir(i Meridian is that from which the Longitudes of places are reckoned : In this Meridian the Poles of the World arefuppofed to be fixed ; and in this. Circle, the Latitude of Places, or Height of the Poles are numbred.
The Ei^^^for, or Line under the Equinodial^ is a great Circle encom- paffingthe very middle of the Earth between the two Voles, dividing it into two equal parts from North to South ; and it is divided, as all great Circles are, into 3 60 equal parts or degrees. It is called Equator, either becaufe it is equally diftant from the Voles of the World, or ra- ther becaufe when the Sun comes to this Line, which is twice in the Year, viz. in its entrance into Aries, which is about the lothox 1 ith of March j and again in Libra about the \2th0x \^th of September, he makes equality of Vayi and Nights throughout the World-, from it are the Latitudes of places numbred upon the Meridian, either North or South -, upon it the Longitude of places are reckoned : It meafurgs the Quantity of Artificial and Natural Days, Hours, &c. Therefore its Degrees are called Tempora, Times, and is divided into 24. hours, 15 degrees thereof to an hour*, for 15 times 24, makes ^60 degrees 5 every degree is 4 minutes of Time, for 4 times 15, is 60 minutes, or an hour.
The Ecliptic}^ (o called becaufe the Eclipfes of the Sun and Moon are here made, is an Oblique Circle croiTing the Equator in two op- pofite Points, called the Equinodial Poiiits ; and is divided into 12 parts, called the 12 Signs. It is called Via Solis, becaufe the Sun al- ways goes under it in its annual Courfei but the icH of the Planets
B 2 have
4 An IntrodMon to Geography,
have their deviations either North or South from this Line. This Cir- cle hath 2 Poles •, for as the Meridians meet in the Poles of the World, fotht Circles of Longitude drawn through the 12 Signs, meet in the Poles of the Edipticj^^ each Pole of the Ec/ip/ici^ being diftant from its correfpondent Pole of the world, 23 deg. 30 min. and are called North or South, according to their pofition next the North or South Poles of the World.
The Meridian that paffeth through the Eqnino&ial Point of the Ec/z/i/ici^ in the beginning of ^rwand Libra, is called the EquinoBial Colure j and that which paffeth through the beginning of Cancer and Capricorn, is called the Soljiitial Colure. ^
Thefe Q/^/re/ divide the Ecliptick^into iom equal parts, which are called Cardinal Points •, for according to the Suns approach unto any of them, the Seafonof the Year is altered into Spring, Summer, Au- tumn, and Winter.
The Leffer Circles or Lines are Named with particular Names, as 'Trupick.s and Polar Circles.
The Troj^icj^/ are parallel Circles to the Equator, diftant from it 23 Degrees and a half: That on the North-C\de of the Equator, is called the Tropick^of Cancer, where the Sun hath the greateft North declination, and maketh our longeft Day and (hortelt Night, which is about the 1 ith or I2t^ of June: The other on the South-fide is called the Tro- pickff Capricorn, in which point the Sun hath its greateft South Veclina- iian, making our (horteft Day, and longeft Night, which is about the iithot I2th oi December.
The Polar Circles are parallels, compaffing the Poles of the World at 23 Degrees and an halt diftance; that about the North-Pole is called the ArClic\Circle, the other the ^ntarClick^ Circle, becaufe oppofite to it: As in Fig. 3.
Thefe. Tro/'ici^ and Polar Circles divide the Earth into five parts, called by the Greeks-, ^ones^ from Ztivn, Cingidum, as enclofing the whole Earth within their refpedive Diftrids ^ of thefe five Zones, three were accounted by the Ancients to be fo intemperate, as to be uninhabitable ; one of them by reafon of the Suns beams continually darting upon the fame, and this they called the Torrid Zone, termi- nated h-^ the Tropicks on each fide; The other two, the one compre- hended within the Ardick Circle, and the other compaffed by the Antardtick j by reafon of the extreme Cold, they thought uninha- bitable, as being fo remote from the Suns Beams : But only the re- maining two were accounted Temperate, and therefore Habitable 5
the
An Intro^H^ion to Geogra^hy^ 5
the one lying between the Ardick CitcU^ and the trofic\ of Camm and the other between the Antardick and the 7ropick^ of Capricorn^
Thus much of the General Geography : The Special is that which fet- teth forth the Defcription of the terreftrial Glohe^ fo far forth as 'tis divided into diftiiid parts or places : And is either, j. The Defcrip- tion of fome great integrating part of the Earth. 2. Or of fome one Region, and fo is properly called Chorography, 3. Or of fome particular place in a Region or Countrey, which is Topography.
According to the greater integrating parts thereof, the Ancients di- vided the whole Earth into three great parts, viz. Europe^ y^fia, and j/ffrica^ towhichis now added a fourth, viz. America: thefe are again divided into Provinces.^ Countries^ Kingdoms^ &c. And each of thefe are again fubdivided into Earldoms, Baronies, Lor d {hips, e^c. Thefe three kinds or parts make up the perfed Subjed of Geography.
Again, every part and place of the Earth is confidered in its/e//, or according to its AdjmCts^ and fo it is either Continent or IJland.
A Continent is a great quantity of Land, in which many great King- doms and Countries are conjoined together, and not feparated one from another by any Sea, 3iS Europe^ Afia, &c.
An T/Iand is a part of the Earth compaffed and environed round about* with Water ^ as Great Britain and Ireland.
Thefe are again obfervable parts, both oi Continents and Iflands^ viz. Feninfttla^ Ifthmus., Vromontorium.
Feninfula quafi pent Infttla^ is a part of Land, which being almoft en- vironed and encompaffed round with Water, is yet joined to the firm Land by fome little Ijihrnus^ as Jfrica is joined to Jjia, 01; Morea to Greece.) by the Greeks called Cherfonefus.
An Ifthmus is a narrow neck of Land betwixt two Seas, joining the Feninfula to the Continent., as that of Varim in America^ or Corinth in Greece.
A Promontory is a high Hill or Mountain, lying out as an elbow of Land into the Sea , the utmoft end of which is called a Cape, as the Cape of Good H)pe., and Cape Verde.
The Adjun^s of a place are either fuch as refped the Earth it felf, or the Heavens : Thofe that agree to a place in refped of the Earthy are three in number, viz. the Magnitude or Extent of a Country^ the Bounds or Limits , the Quality.
The Magnitude comprehends the length and breadth of a place.
The Bounds of a Country is a Line terminating it round about, di- flinguiihingit from the bordering Lands- Qt Waters.
The
6 An Introduction to Geography,
The ^ality of a place Is the Natural Temper and DiTpofition thereof.
A Fhce in regard of the Heavens is either Eafi , ^p/?, North, or South.
Thofe places are properly Eaji which lie in the Eajiern HemifpherCy (terminated by the lirft Meridian) or where the Sm rifeth.
Thofe are U^eji which lie VVefternof the faid Meridian, or towards the fetting of the San.
Thofe places are properly "North which lie betwixt the Equator and Artick^ Vole.
Thofe South which are betwixt thtEquator and the AntarticJ^Pole.
The Ancients did alfo diftinguifh the Inhabitants of the E^^r^^ from the diverfitiesof fhadows of Bodies into three forts, viz. Perifcii, He- ierofciif znd j4mphifcii : the Inhabitants of the Fr?g/«/ Zowe (ifanyfuch are) were termed Ferifcii , becaufe the (hadow of Bodies have there a Circular motion in 24 hours, the Sun neither rifing nor fetting but in a greater portion of time.
The Inhabitants oi theT^emperate Zones they called Heterofcii, becaufe the Meridian fhadows bend towards either Pole, towards the North a- mong thofe that dwell within the Tropick^of Cancer znd the Artick^ Cir- cle ; towards the South amongft thofe that dwell within the Iroprick^o^ Capricorn and the Antartic\QAxQ\e.
The Inhabitants of the lorrid Xone they called Amphifcii, becaufe the Noon or Mid-day fhadow , according to the time of Year , doth fometimes fall toward the North, fometimes towards the South: when the Sun is in the Northern Signs, it falleth towards the South : and to- wards the North, when in the Southern Signs. And becaufe of the dif- ferent fight of oppofite Habitations, the Ancients have divided the In- habitants of the Earth into Period, Ant£ci, and Antipodes.
The ?eri£ci are fuch as live under the fame parallel, being equally diftant from the Equator, but in oppofite points of the fame parallel.
The Ant£ci are fuch as have the fame Meridian, and parallel equally dilknt from the Equator, but the one North, and the other South.
The Antipodes are fuch as inhabit two places of the Earth which are Diametrially oppofite one to the other. See Fig. 4.
The Ancients did alfo divide the Earth in Climates and Parallels.
A Climate is a fpace of E^r/^ comprehended betwixt any two places,. whofe longed day differ in quantity half an hour.
A Parallel is a (pace of Earth, wherein the days increafe in length a quarter of an hour ; fo that every Climate contains two Parallels,
* Thefe
An IntroduBion to Geography, 7
Thefe Climates and Parallels are not of equal quantity, for the firft is longer than the fecond, and the fecond likewife greater than the third, &c. At the Latitude, where the longeft days are increafed half an hour longer than at the Equator^ viz. longer than 12 hours, The firft Cli- mate begins, which is at the- Latitude of 8 degrees, 34 minutes ; and in the Latitude oi 16 degrees, 43 minutes, where the days are increaf- ed an hour longer than at the E'juator. The fecond Climate begins, and fo outwards. But becaufe the Ancients , and alfo Vtolomy , fuppofed that part of the Earth which lies under the Equator to be inhabitable, therefore they placed the firft Climate at the Latitude of 12 degrees, 43 minutes, where the longeft day is 1 2 hours \ long 5 and the fecond Climate to begin at the Latitude of 2 o degrees, 3 4 minutes, where the longeft day is 12 hours and flong; &c. 'Tis needlefs indeed to take any more notice of them, than thus much only ; that they that de- fcribe the Scituation of places by Climes and Parallels , had as good fay nothing.
The Terraqueous Globe is but an Imaginary point compared to the vaft cxpanfion of the Univerfe, though of it felf of great Magnitude 5 for Geographers divide it into ^60 parts of degrees,and each degreee into 60 minutes, which are fo many Italian M'lks j fo that the Circumference thereof is 21600 miles, and the Diameter, or Axis, is <5875 tniles, and its Superficies in fquare miles, is reckoned to amount to 1485 10584 of the {kmemeafUre. ^^;^^- ^^;,; ..;,v^„ ;/,■;. ..l--,
'Tis a common Opinion, that 5 of our Eiiglifh feet rriake ^Geometrical pace, 1000 of thefe -paces make an Italian mile, and 60 of thefe miles in any great Circle upon the Spherical furface of the Earth, or Sea, make a degree •, fo that a degree of the Heavens contains upon the furface of t\it Earth, according to this account, 60 Italian miles, 20 French ox P«/c^ Leagues, 15 German miles, 17 | S'f^wT^ Leagues, and 5^1 Englijh miles.
But according to feveral Experiments made, the quantity of a de- gree is thus varioufly found to be : By Alhazard an Arabian^ 533333 Arabian feet in one degree, which reduced to our Engli(h meafure is 3(57285 feet, or 70 miles, and g| parts of a foot. Ey Ptolomy 3<5oooo Rhynland feet, which reduced to our Englifh feet is 371^00, or 70 miles |g By Wilbrodus Snellius, An. id 13. 342000 Rhynland feet, in Englijh 353306 feet, or 67 miles fere. By Norwood m his Experiment between Tvrk^ and London , finds one degree upon the Earth to contain 367200 feet, which makes 6p|. By Vicard a French- man, about 73 Italian miles, and is the neareft meafure yet found by thefe Experiments to anfwer to a degree of the Heavens 5 fo that
^ An IntYo^uUion to Geography]
the circumference of the Earth then is 25020 miles, the VUmttzt 7P$8 in Englijh miles.
I ftiall here note. That no Country doth in all parts of its Ter- ritories make ufe of the fame extent in meafuring : The Germans have their great, little , and ordinary miles 5 the Leagues of France and Spain are of different lengths, and fo are the miles in our own Country.
The Earth (as was faid before) is encompaffed about with the J^O' ter-i which walhingand furrounding the dry Land, cuts out and (hapes fo many winding Bays^ Creeks ■> and meandring Inlets^ and feems no- where fo much confined and penned as in the Straits of Magellan^ from whence again expatiating, it fpreads its felf into two immenfe, and almoft boundlefs Oceans^ which give Terminaries to the four Regions of the Earthy and extending it felf round them all, is but one conti- nued Ocean.
The Water is either Ocean^ Seas^ Straits^ Creeks, Lak^s, or Rivers.
The Ocean is a general Colledion or Rendezvouz of all Waters.
The Sea is a part of the Ocean, and is either exterior, lying open to the (hore, as the Britifh or Arabian Seas ; or iiitetior , lying witin the Land, to which you mull pafs through fome Strait, as the Mediterra- man, or Baltick Seas.
A Strait is a narrow part or Arm of the Ocean, lying betwixt two Shores, and opening a way into the Sea, as the Straits of Gtbraltery the HeVepnt, &c. .
A Cree\is a fmall narrow part of the Sea that goeth up but a little way into the Land , otherwife called a Bay , a Station , or Road for Ships.
A Lak^ is that which continually retains and keeps Water in it, as the Lakes Nicurgua in America , and Zaire in Africa.
A "B^-iver is a fmall Branch of the Sea flowing into the Land , court- ing the Banks whilft they their Arms difplay, to embrace her filver waves.
Of the Names of the Ocean*
According to the four garters it had four Names : From the Eafi it was called the Eaftern, or Oriental Ocean 5 from the Wefi the We- (iern, or Occidental Ocean •, from the North the Northern, or Subten- trional ; and from the South the Southern, or Meridional Ocean: But befides thefc more general i\r^we/, it hath other particular appellations, according to the' Countries it boundeth upon, and the nature of the
Sea:
An Introdu^ion to Geography, 9
Sea. : As it lies extended towards the Eaji, it is called the Chinean Seay from the adjacent Country of China: Towards the South ^th called Oceanus Indkus ^ or the Indian Sea., becaufe upon it lies the Indians : Where it touches the Coaft of Terfia., it is called Mare Perfimm : So alfo Mare Arabicum^ from Arabia : So toward the IVefl is the Ethiopian Sea. Then the Atlantick^Ocean ., from Atlas^ a Mountain or Promontory in Africa ; but more Weftward near to America^ it is called by the Spa- niards, Mar del Nort j and on the other fide of America, it is called Mar del Zur^ or Mare Pacificum. Where it toucheth upon Spain, it is called Oceanus Hifpanicus, by iheEngliJh the Bay of Bifcay: The Sea betwixt England and France is called the Channel 5 between England and Ireland the Irijh Sea'. Between England and Holland it is called by fome the Ger- man, or rather the Britijh Ocean: Beyond Scotland it is called Mare Cale- doniuntj higher towards the North it is called the Hyperborean, or Frozen Sea 5 more Eafirvard, upon the Coaft of Tartary, the "Tartarian Sea ; or Scythian Ocean, &c.
The Names of the Inland Seas are, i. The Baltic^ Sea, by the VMtch called the Ooji Zee, by the Inhabitants Vie Belt, lying between Ben- w^rj^and Sweden, the chief Entrance whereof is called the Sound.
2. Pontus Euxinus , or the Blacl^ Sea-, to which joins Mcotis Palus., now Mar de Zaback^, on the North ^ smd Mar Marmora on the South.
The third is the Cafpian or Hyrcanian Sea. By the Perfians, Kurfum.
The fourth is the Arabian Gulf, Mare Eryth£umy Mare Rubrum, or the Red Sea. Mer Rogue Gallis, Mare Rojfo, Italis.
The fifth is the Perfian Gulf, or the Gulf de Elcatif & de Baffora,
The fixth is Mare Mediterranettm, by the EngUfh the Straits , by the Spaniards, Mar de Levant ; the beginning or entrance of it is called the Straits of Gibralter, rather Gibal-farif.
Now that all Places, Cities, 'towns. Seas, Rivers, Lak^s, 8cc. may be readily found out upon the Globe , or Map , all Geographers do, or Ihould place them according to their Longitude and Latitude ; the* uib of which in theabfolute fenfe is to make out thepofition of any P/^ce in reped of the whole Globe, or to fhew the Scitujtion and dijiance of one place from, and in refped of any other.
Longitudeis the diftance of a place from the firft Meridian reckoned in the degrees of the Equator , beginning by fome at the Camries, by others at the Azores -, by reafon of which Ccnfufion, I have made the Longitudes in this Englifh Geography to begin from London , and are rec- koned Eaftward and Weftward, according as they are fituated from
G Londi'H
lo Jn IntrodnBion to Geography,
London on the top of the Map. And have alfo added the Longitude from the Tewfr/f round about the Globe of the Earth at the bottom of the Map, as ufually in the Vmch Maps, that fo you may by infpedtion only, fee the Truth or Error, if you compare them with the lahks or Maps formerly Extant.
The Latitude of a place is its diftance from the Equator^ reckoned in the degrees of the great Meridian, and is either North or Souths according as it lies between the North 2S[A South-Poles of the Equator^.
Copernicary^2
^S'yjhm,
Ptolo.
Zenuh
^ DirectSp/zere
w/ Oblique Sjjkere
■A JParalleLj^phere
A
11
An Mvertljement concerning the ^rojeSilon anclUShs of General mid Particular Maps.
ALthough the Defcription of the Earth upon the Globe be mofi; proper to the Underftanding, and commenfurabJe to Nature ; yet there are feveral ways to projedt it in a Plane or Flat. Twoefpe- cially are now in ufe, one by Parallelogram^ the other hy Planifphere. Of the Defcription by Parallelogram.
This ufed to be divided into the midft by a Line drawn from North 1 0 50»^j^,reprefenting the great Meridian ^ Crofs to this at right Angles another Line was drawn from Eaft to Weft for the Equator. The Mot- dians equally diftant, and the Parallels alfo equally extended, and ftrait Lines i and this way of Projedion, tho utterly againft the Original Nature and Conftitution of the Globe^ yet the plain Charts are bound to follow i indeed *tis ftrangeto me that this Sea-Chart^ being one of the moft principal Inftruments that the Mariners have for their diredion In Sailing, and known to be fo greatly and dangeroufly erroneous, yet is ftill made ufe of, by thofe that would be accounted Excellent. Of the Defcription by the Planifphere.
This other way of Projedion, reprefents the face of the Earth upoa a Plane in its own proper figure Spherically, as upon the Globe-^ the Gibbofity only allowed for, and this is twofold. Of the SeClion by the Equator.
Suppofe the T'errefirial Globe flatted upon the Plane of the Equator, and you have this way of Projedion, dividing the Earth into two He- mifpheres. North and Souths where the Pole is the Center, the Equa- tor is the Circumference, the Oblique Semi-circle from A'ries to Libra^ is the North-half of the Ecliptick, th^ Parallels are whole Circles, and the Meridians are ftreight Lines.
Of the SeVuon by the Meridian.
Suppofe the Terrcftrial Globeflatted upon the Plane of the Meridian, and you have this way of Projedion ; the Equator is here a ftreight Line, the great Merfdian is a whole Circle, and the leiTer Meridians are more Circular, as they come near to the great, only that which paffeth through the midft of the Hemifphere, dividing it into two equal parts,is a ftreight Line ; fo that the Meridians do not equally in diftance concur, the Parallels are not Parallels indeed, and the Degrees are unequal. However this way is that which is now moft in fafhicn : it is defcribed by thofe two great Circles that take up the following Map. The Projedion and Delineation of thefe and other particular Maps will be more at large ftiewed in my hitrodudion to Aftrononr.y and Geography, as aforefaid. C 2 A
12 A General Map of the Earth.
of the Vfe of Maps. 1 1'
Of Particular Maps.
Particular Maps are but Limbs of the Globe ^ and therefore, tho they are drawn afunder, yet they are to be made with that proportion, as aRemembring Eye may fuddenly acknowkdge, and joyn them to ' the whole Body.
They are moft commonly defcribed upon a Parallelogram 5 but it ought to be with fuch Confideration, that being but Parts and Mem- bers fevered from the whole, they yet might make as great an Appear- ance of Integrity and Truth as can be allowed ; and ought to confill of fuch proportions of Meridians and Parallels, as they truly confilied of in the Globe it felf. And becaufe no Countrey is exadlyfquare, fo cnuch of the bordering Territories areufually put in, as may fhew the Bounds, and fill up the fquare alfo.
The true Projedion of Maps chiefly confifts or depends upon the fore-knowledge of the true Longitude and Latitude of places ; which having been fo Notorious Falfe, 'tis ftrange to me how the Maps can ,be true. The Longitude is to be expreffed by Meridians from Eajl to We(i:. The Latitudeby Parallels from North to South : both which may be Circles or ftrait Lines. I have fo projeded all thefe MapSj that the Top and Bottom of the fquare arealv^ays North and South, the right and left fides Eafi and Weft ; fo that you fee each Country and place in its true Scituation, as in the Globe or general Map j And have made the Parallels and Meridians both ftrait Lines, fo that the Longitude and Latitude are given by Infpedion, only the Meridians are inclining and concurring towards the Poles, to agree to the Nature of the whole, whereof they are fuch parts. And here give me leave toadvcrtifejThat altho in thefe CmzMMaps the Error is not very difcernable i yet cer- tainly fome Foreign Geographers, whofe Maps are now the Fondlings of this Age, did not underftand the Projedion of the Sphere-, for to me it would have been a great fhame to have expofed the parts of the World fo large, upon fo falfe a Bafis ; which muft needs render them intolerably falfe in the Difiances of Places, had the Longitudes and La- titudes been never fo well adjufted j which indeed are as falfe as the Diftances are.
As to the Graduation cf thefe iV%j-, the Degrees oi Latitude are divided upon the Eafi and Weft fide ; The Degrees of Longitude upon the North and South. The South Figures upon the Maps are the Longi- 'tudes from the firft Meridian^ beginning at the Pike of Jenerijf^ and^ reckoned round upontheGlobe to 3 doDegrees.The Northern Figures^ are the Difference of Longitudes from Londony and are reckoned Eafi or Weil, according as the Scituation of the place-is Eafi or Weft from ^ LondoHo. Foff
14 Of the Vfe of Maps.
For from whence to reckon the Longitude in all Maps, is a fault of moft Geographers 'j and I anri not the firft that have complained of it ; for though there be a Graduation, yet you are uncertain where their iirli Meridian begins.
It will not therefore be amifs, if I tell you the feveral Meridians ob- ferved, and the Ui^znct oi Longitttde between thefe A/er/^m/, and their difference from London^ viz. Vtolomys Meridian was Junonia Major ^ Plin. Herat. & Helii. Pto\. Madera^ U^cKigro &Ortelio\ rather F^r/e- ventura^ tci\e Baud. Herbaniay Sanfone. This Junonia Vfd^s ixom London 20 degr.
The Meridian of the Jrabian Geographer is fomething dubious > for HerculU Columnte is a Town in Frifi£^ between Groeningen and Coverdm., called VuvelfcutZi tefte Ortelio. The Spaniards tell us they are in the Ifles Gaditana, ilow Cales or Cadez^^ where are two Towers fo called, Columnas de Hercoles. Others make the two Mountains Ahila and Calpe^ on both fides of the Herculeum Fretum, now Ejhecbio de Gibralter^ to be the Pillars of Hercules. That of Abila is in Mauritania, now Mons Al- mina^ tefte Clufto, Mont des Singes, GaUis. Scheminck^lbergb^ Belgis. Calpe Mons, now Gibralter. Clufio, is a Mountain and City in Spain, over- againft Ahila, and about 18 miles diftant i now near to, if not the fame with Ceuta, or Zeuta', Latinis, Septa -, Greets, Septon\ Mauris Bent Maras tefte Marmolio : But forafmuch as it was but 10 Degrees from London, zud that it palTedby the utmoft point of the Weftern Shore, it muft rather be from Hrcukum Vromontorium, ( not Hirtland Point in Devonjhire) but Cabo Cantin in Morocco^ which is from London about 10 Degrees.
The Dutch Meridian is the Vike of Teneriff, the Nivaria Plin. telle Sanfon. But by the Bifhops of Girone and Andrea Bacio^ Gomera is the ancient Nivaria. However the Pz\e is the moft noted place, and indeed the beft, if all were well agreed, for the firft Meridian, and according to the beft Obfervations that have been been made, it is from London 18 Degrees.
Ifola del Ferro, ( the Tluitalia Ttol. the Tluvialia , Plin. tefte Andrea Bacchio. But Niger tells us Gomera is the Fluvitalia of old) now Vl/Ie de Fer. Gallis ; IJIa de Hierro, Hifpanis ; the French Meridian, is diftant from London 20 Degrees.
Corvo and Flores, the Meridian of many Writers and Map-makers, is from London 33 Degrees. St. Michael, the Meridian of our Englifh Globes, is about 27.
Pico, the Meridian of VudUus Sea-Charts, is 3 1 Degrees.
That oiGraciofa, the Engliji/ Hydrographer, is about 30 Degrees.
By
Of the Vfe of Maps. 15
By this Table you may eafily know from whence moft Geographers begin ihdt Longitudes '•, and alfo know hov/ near to truth, by adding or fubftracSing the proper Numbers in the Table, to or from the Number found in their Maps.
As to the Scale in particular Maps, it dependeth upon the Degrees of a great Circle, and the proportion of Miles in each Countrey to foch a Degree, which I have difcour fed of in Page 2^ to which I refer you ; only take Notice, That therefore I have made no Scales to the Maps; forthe Diftanceof any two places taken with your CompaiTes, and applied either to theEaft or Weft-lide of your Map, which is the Scale of Latitude, gives you the Number of Degrees that thofe two places are dilbnt one from the other, which multiplied by 73, gives you the Number of Geometrical or Italian Miles, by 6p \ for Englijh Statute Miles, by 25 for French common Leives, by 17 | for the Spanijh Miles, by 1 5 for the common German^ Dutch, Venmark^ , and Great Poland Miles, by 10 for Hungarian Miles, by 12 for Suedijh Miles, by 80 for the Mufcovian Verftesor Voreft, by 480 for the Greci^;; Stadia, or 450 according to Mr. Greaves, by 20 for the Perfian, Arabian, and 'Egyptian Parafanga, now called Farfach, by 24 for the Mogul or Indian Cos, according to Sanfon, by 250 for the Chiaean Stades, by 400 for^ the Ikins of Japan -, as for the Turl^t, they have no diilindiion of their ; Ways by Miles, nor Days by Hours.
Of
Of Eurooe.
EVROPE, one of the four great Parts of the PPWld , is alfo the moft confiderable in reipedt of the Beauty of her King- doms and Commonrpealths , the Politenefs of her Inhabitants^ the Excellent Government of her Cities ; as alfo in regard of its Excellency in hcj: 'Traffick^ and Commerce ^ the goodnefs of her ^ir, and general Fertility. It is the lealt Part of all, yet has produced the great Alexanders and C£fars of the Univerfe ; contains within its Bounds the principal part of the Roman and Grecian Monarchies ; and,
which
Of Europe, 1 7
which to this day furnilheth the other parts of the World with Colomer. Its Scituation is all in the Northern Temperate Xone^ which free the Inha- bitants from the infupportable Heats of j^frick^, and from thofe which alfo parch the more Southern Climes of ^fia : The Jir is generally ._fweet and temperate, unkfs in the rcmoteft Countries of the North : The Soil affords all forts of Grain and Fruit, of which the other parts of the tVorldsLic often in want ; But her higheil Glory and Prerogative is, that (he is not only Europe^ but Chrifiendom, and hath imbraced the rrue Religion. But alas ! theftrange Schifms, thelhimeful vices, the la- mentable cilTentions, the unchriftian divifions about Ceremonies and Opinions, are fatal Eclipfes of her brightncfs and fplendor, who other- wife might juftly have been fliled , The Temple of Pveligion : The Court of Policy and Government : The Academy oi Learning : The Miftris of Arcs and Sciences : The Maga7ine of Trade: The Nurfc of VitStorious and famous people : And the Paradice of humane felicity. ' The, length of Europe is varioufly fet down by Geographers. Cluverm faith from the Cape of St. Vincent unto the mouth of the River Oby^ h ^QQ German^ or ^600 Italian miles: I find that the true diftance can- notbe more than 50 degrees, which multiplied by 73, for fo many miles are found to be in a degree, makes 3 55-0 Geometrical or Italian miles. Sanfon's Map of Europe makes the diftance to be 55 degrees,which multiplied by 73, makes 40 15, which is 3 65 miles more than thfegrea- teft diftance can be. But the Great Nen> Jtlas tells us, 'tis 7 1 degrees of the Equator, which multiplied by 73, makes 5183, which is but 1533 mile§ too large in the length of Europe,
Maginm tells us, that the diftance from Lisbon to ConftantinoPle is ^00 German^ 0X2 A^oo Italian miles. The true diftance I find cannot be more than 321, which multiplied by 73, makes 23 52 miles. But iS't?«/o«'s Map makes the Diftance to be 3<5, which makes 276 miles too much
Hf)'/z>2 tells us, that Europe is in length 2800 miles, in breadth 1 2 00 miles j but from whence he begins, or what miles he means, the Rea- der cannot tell ^ fo that I think he had as good have faid nothing.
The Breadth by Cluverius from Cape Matrapan of the Morea^ to the North C^e^ is reckoned to be 5 5 o German., or 2 200 Italian miles. Ma- ginus makes it to be almoft 600 German., or 2400 Italian miles. The true diftance or difference of Latitude is 35 degr. of the Equator, which multiplied by 73 makes 2555 miles. Sanfons Map makes it 38 degrees, which makes 2 774 miles, which is 2 op miles too much. But the great y4tl.;s tells us, it contains about 44 degrees, which makes 3212 mileSj ^57 miles too large.
Towards the North^Europe is bounded by the Northern (^ce^j^jOther-
b wife
1 8 0/ Europe,
wife called the Frozm Sea^ by reafon of the continual Ice which incom- modes thofe Parts: Towards the Weft it is limited by the Weftern, or Athntichpcean ; by the Mediterranean Sea toward the South ; and beyond that Sea, by part of Africa. As for the Eaftern Bounds, from the Mediterranean Sea to the North, -they are thefe : The Archipelago^ or White Se^, anciently called the^^e^«Sea. 2. The Streight of Galli- p li, or the Vardaneh^ otherwife called the Arm of St. George, and toniKth' the H:lIefpont. 3. Ey Mrr^di, Marmora^ formerly Mare Pro- pontis. 4. By the Streight of Coniiantinople, or the Canal of Mar Mag- giore, formerly the Thracian Bojphorns. 5.Ey the Black^^ or Mar^ Maggiore^ formerly Pontns Euxinns, 6, By the Streight of Cajfa, or VefperOy otherwife the Mouth of St. John, formerly the Cimmerian BofphorMs,y .By Mare Limen^ otherwife the Sea of Zabaique and Tanaii, formerly Palus Mxotis. 8. By theRiverDj««, or T^ana, formerly Tanais. p. By a Line drawn from the moft Eafiern Winding of Vonn to the Northern Ocean near Obi : Some there are that draw this Line more to the Pf^eji, from the Sources of Donn to the JVhite Sea, which is in Mofcovy, making Europe much lefs than it is. Others inclofe within the Limits of Eu- rope all the Conqueft of the Great Duke of Mufcovy, which are in the Afiatic\ T'artary.
E«ra/?e is divided into Continent and Iflands, which contain thefe Kingdoms ox E(i ate f, wz. Towards the North, the IJles of Great Britain, containing the Kingdoms of England., Scotland, and Ireland, the Prin- cipality of JVales, with mzny Iflandf dependant upon them.
2dly^ Scandinavia, containing the Kingdoms of i .Denmarl^^^ with Nor^ way, and Sweden, ^dly. The (everal Kingdoms, Dutchies, &c, of the Grand Czar oi Rujfta znd Mufcovia. 4. The Kingdom, Eftates, &e, of Poland and Lithuania.
Towards the Middle, 1. The Northern Eftates of I'urky in Europe, viz. I. 'Tartaria Europa, Walachia, Moldavia, Tranflvania, and Hungaria: 2. The Empire of Germany, with its eight Electorates. 3. The Eftates of the Republick of Switzerland. The Seven Vnited Provinces. The Ten Spanijh Provinces. 4. The Kingdoms of France , with its Twelve Governments, and late Acquiiitions.
Towards the South : i. The Kingdoms and Principalities of Spain : 2. The Kingdom of PortugaLThe Kingdoms and Eftates in /^^/j'. The Eftates and Dukedom of Savoy, Piedmont, dec. The Kingdoms and Ifles of Sicily, Sardinia, and Majorca, See. The Southern Eftates of Turky in Europe, viz, Sclavonia, Croatia, Valmatia, Ragufa, Bofnia, Servia, Bul- garia. The Countrey of Greece, containing the Kingdoms and parts of Romania, or Thracia, Macedonia, 'Thejfalia , Albania^ Epirus and Cr£cia,
or
Of Europe, 1 9
or Jchaia, and Feloponnefus^ox thcMorea^ with thelfie o{ Negropont., &c* Theljhfids of Europe zxe feated, either in the Ocean-^ the Mediterra, nean^ or iB^/fic^Seas. The JJIands lying in the Oc.vw, are, the BritiJJj Ifles aforefaid j A^iw/)/, Sardiuia^ Corftcj^ ?.nd Candy ^ are the biggeft //Zc^w^// in the Mediterranean. The Illands of the Baltic^ Sea we (hall fpeak of in the Defcription of Denmark.
We may confider the Eftates of Enrope according to their Titks,with- out regard to their Dignity, and fay that there is, i. The Eftate of the Church or Fope in Italy. 2. Two Empires -^ Germ my ^ and Turkj' The firft,haifMonarchy,haIf Commonwealth : The latter only Monarchical. 3. Seven Kingdoms, every one Govern d by their own Kings, that ac- knowledge no Superior, viz. England^ France^ Spain^ Portugal^ Svpcde- land^ Denmark^, and Poland. That of France is mod perfed:, and de- fcends only to the Heirs male ever fince the Salique-Law. The iive other admit the Female. All are Hereditary, only Poland^ which is Eledive. There are moreover in E/;rc/?c other lefTer Kingdoms comprehended un- der thefe, as thofe of Bohema^nd Hungary^ under the Emperor c^ Ger- many. That of Ai?t^^)T under the King of France. That of Naples mltalyy Sicily^ Sardinia^ and Majorca^ under the Crown of Spain. And thofe oJF Scotland and /re/<««^^ under the King of England. 4. Eight Electorates, Mayence^ Treves^ Cologn^ Bohemia^ Bavaria , Sax--^ny , Brandenhurgb , and the Palatinate of the PJnne. 5. One Arch- Duke, the Duke of Aujiria. 6. Two Great Dukes, of Mofcovy and "tofcany. The Prince of the firll affumesthe Title of Emperor, and indeed it is a Dukedom on which depends thirty other Dutchies, and three Kingdoms. This Duke is ab- folute over his Subje<3:s, and is called by the general Name of Gran Czar. 7. Six Sovereign Dukedoms, befides thofe, that are under the Empire, Savoy^ Lorrain, Mantua.^ Modena^ Parma. SlvA Cmland. 8. Four Principalities that depend upon the TurJ^s^ Tranfilvania^ Walachia^ Mol- davia^ and the lefler Tartary. p. Seven Commonwealths, the Seven Vnited ProvinceS't Switzerland^ Venice, Genoa, Geneva, Ltica, and Ragufa. To which fome add the Commonwealth of Marine in Italy. Lafxly, A great number of Principalities and Imperial FreeTowns.en joying aSove- raignty in their Territories,buc yet they acknowledg a Superior Power. The Ecclefiaftical Government of Europein general, is either Papal, owning the Pope as Supreme j or Epifcopal, owning the King as Su- preme in all caies, and Archbifnops and Bifhops under him. Or Su- perintendant, which is a kind of Epifcopal among the Lutherans., but yet OA'ning no Head of the Church on Earth, neither Pope nor Kin^r, nor Civil Magiftrate. There is alfo the P/vj'^)'fcrw«, or Syncdical, own- ing a Presbytery, a Synod, or Lay-Elders, e^^c. as Supreme, but no Ei- (hops or Superintendants. ^ D 2 There
^- Of Europe:
rTil'^'4^''^ 1°"'^''"^'^^^ I^«^«^^./ reckon'd to be fpoken in thispart ot theViorld; tutonicK, Latm, Greek, ^nd Sclavonian. Thcruiomck IS of three forts, High Vutch in Germany, Saxon in England and Scotland: Dam(h in Vmmark,, Sweden, -Rorxvay^vA Ireland, The Latin is corrupted into Ijahan, French, znd Spanijh. Th? Gm^had formerly four VialeSs the Atticf^ lomck,, Vorick, and ^olick. The Sclavonian Language runs through all Sclavonia, Bohemia, Poland and Mofcovy, and all the Turbp tmpircm Europe. There are alfo feven other Languages of lefs Note which are ufed in Europe : The Albanian, or Epirotic\\n Epirus and Ma- cedonia. The CofacJ^ot Tartarian m part of P^/^«^and Tartary. The Hungarian or Bulgarian in Servia, Bofnia, Bulgaria^ and Hungary, &c. the Finickjn Finmar}{znd Lapland, Irijh in Ireland znd Scotland. The Britijh Is fpoken in ^^<a/e/, Cornvoal, and in Britany in France. B?/m^« is fpoken only in B//c<?«j/ near to the Cantabrim Ocean, or Bay of Bifcay^
2£
f the Britifh Ifles
NDEPv this Title are comprehended feveral diftindl and famous Illands, the whole Dominion whereof (now Uni- ted ) is under the Command of the King of Great Bri-^ tain, &c. Bounded on the North and Weft with the Hy- perborean and Vucalidcnean Ocean, on the South divided from France with the Engltjh Channel, on the Eaft feparated from Denmark, and Belgia with the Britifh (by fome called the German) Ocean : But on all fides environed with Turbulent Seas, guarded with Dangerous Rocks and Sands, defended with ftrong Forts,, and walled with a Potent and Royal Navy. Of thefe Iflands one is very large, formerly called Al'
ila^n, now Great Britain^ comprehending two Kingdoms, England and Smland: The other.of lefler extent makes one Kingdom,caned Ireland:
^The other fmaller adjacent Ifles are comprehended under one or other
^of thefe three Kingdoms, according to the Situation and Congruity with them. Many are the Changes and Alterations that thefe I/lands have received in their Governments (ince their Origijial difcovery ^ they were firil poffelTed by divers People, independent one upon the
-^other, fuppofed to be the Britains defcended fron:> the Gauls ; for at the Entrance of the Romans, the Ifland of Great Britain was divided in- to feveral' Nations, each governed by his own King znd particular Princes, different in their Ends and Couiifels, and fo the more eafily fubdued by the Roman Force.
jfT 'After the Romans-^ the Englijh Saxons were called in by the Britains, to aid them againft the Pids. The Inhabitants of Scotland (who, gfter the common manuer of Foreign Auxiliaries, foon feized the bet- ter part for themfelves , and eftablifhed Seven Kingdoms, commonly called the Saxon Heptarchy) Fotc'm^ the Britains, the Ancient Vroprie^ tors, to retire, fome mto Britain in France (from whence fotue think they tirit came ) but moft of them into the t^^eftern and Mountainous Part, called by the Saxons, WaJiJh Land~/no\y Waks ', where their Po- ftesify ftill temains.
A yi--
22
Of the I/les of Britain,
'niie State of England m the time of Pcol.Dmy . living tn the Reign of the Emperor Antoninus Pius, aZ-o;!/- the yar
of Rome 892, and. about 9 s years fince the Cor.quefi thereof by the Emperor Cla'.'.tiius Csefar- ^Ifo a. Taile
I cfthe Saxon He-f',archy.
\^ncient Inhabitants
Ciunttes tiames.
iThe Cantli of
The Rhegn
or, Rhegim
Thelceni, orSime-
11 of --^^ '-
'}.
The Trinobantes, ' or Trinoantes.
^iicient Names of f>;. 1 Towns.
K.ent
Durovernum 'Rut'jpias, or, Ritupis
Surry 5uflex
NaeoaiagLis, < Noviomagus !vindoni.«
Norfolk Suffolk
CamBridgmire; aild^!" .jHuntingwpflute_- Middlcfot '.' ■ Eflex Harcfordihire Van
Venta Icencrum iVilla Fauftini
TheBrigantfs
The Ocalini, ©p, 3 Otadenii. ' ^
Yorkfliife
Cumberland
Lancaihire
Durham
Cacvellani, ' "'
or, . CatyeuchlanP,-
Coricani, or, Coritavi
Weftmeiland. -" Morthuniberland
. Dobuni, t
Dodunri .
Cornavii
Part of the Silures
DuihfEonii
Belgx-
Qai-otrigeg Atreb5ti
hJU.
LanQinKJOi' Cam'.dolanum.br, ] Camulqd'j Carrialodu
lanum.br, ) iunum,or, ^ lunim ' ■■ y
j
Iiuriuiu
Eboracurn
Olicana
Camuloduaum
Epfecum
Rhigodftnum
Vanov'ium .
Caturav^ionium
Calat'.-.m
Curia
Brcmcnium -
SaXenas
Laiiadurum
Bedfordfliire
Buckinghamfliire
Part of HartfordihirelVerolamium
Lincolnfeire Lindura
Ldcefterfhire Ragas, or Rads
Rutlandfliire
Norrhatriptonfhire Bennaventa
Notcinghamfhire
Darbyfhire
Glpcefterfliire
Oxfordfhire
Chelhire
Shropihire Stafford fliire Worcefterftiire Vvarwickihire Herefcrdfhire
Cornwall
Devonfhire
Sorberfetfhire
Wiidliire
Hampfliire
Dorfetibire
5arkinire
Tneprejent Aamey.
anterhiiry Richhorough, VLilgo Rochefter
Saxsii titptarciiy.
Kingdom of Ker.t
WoCLicot-Hill, near W'imbleton VVilchelfcy
lafter
t. Edmundsbury
London Maldon in Effex
\
Aldburrow
York
irikley
Aldmondsbury
Papcaftlo
Ribiechefter-,' ■ ;,
Binchefter
CatarickinRichm.
Wheallep Caftle
orbridg Rochefti.T
Corinium
Deva, or Devana Virocfcnium
Brannogenium Mandueffedum Ariconium
Uxela, or Uzela
Voliba IjIfcaAugufta ^ Aqus Calid«
Venta Belgarum
Dunium, or Durno- varia ; '
Nalcaa, or Caleva
-f
The Kingdom of the Northuinbers whidi was divided ■ into two Kingddms.jX/zk,. Deira and Bernica
Sanday '
Stonyfrratfbrd
Verulura
Lincoln
Leicefter
VVedon
Cirenchefter
Weftchefter Wroxcefter '
Worceftejr Manchefter
Kenchftfter
Lyftwithiel
Falitiouth
Exceter
Bath
Winchefter
Dorchefter .
>Vallingford
Kii'gaoin 01 tiic Sojth Saxons
Kingdom of rhe • '^Eafl^Angles
Kingdom of the Ealt Saxon* •
! The Kingdom of ^ • Mircia.
The Kingdom of the Weft Saxons.
it jC >n.yi>-^^-^%-"'
After
Of EngUnL 23
After this the Vams broke in, like a violent flood upon the Northttm- hers ; and though often vanquiftied, yet being as often vidorious, they at la ft feized on the Monarchy of England^ which was fometimes held by theVanes, fometimes by the Saxons ; till William Duke oi Normandy took it from Harold^ and eftabliOied the Monarchy-, which hath ever fince continued in a Succeilion of Eight and twenty Princes, down to our Prefent Gracious Soveraigns King William and Queen Mary,
ENGLAND.
^ Talk cmtaitmig the Cottntia or Shires, their Titles, Cities and Tiwns, their Lititude, computed dijiance, and Menfured diftancsfyom London. Tae number of Mirkct -Towns, rf Parliament-men, of p^rijhes tn each Cr.mty, and timr ancient h'ame!.
E.
E.
D.
I E,
E.
C ottnties or Shires.
Bedfordihict; Baikfliii-o Buckinghamfliii'e Caitibridglliire
Cheniire C. P. C'ormval
Cumberland Darbylhirc
Dcvonihire
Dorfctfhire
Durham
Eflex
Gloctftefhrire
Hartfortiliire
Hampfliire
Herefordiliire
Himtingtonfhirc
Kent
LancaihireCP.
Leiccfterfliire
Lincc,lnfhire Midulelcx
Wcftmorland W iltlhire
Worcefltnliire
Yorklr.ire
Titles.
D.M. E.
E. E.
E. E. M.
V. C.
D
E.
M.
r. V. c.
E.
A.B. E.
E. E. E.
|
Monmouth Korf^lk |
|
|
Northampton Northumberland Nottingham Oxfordllure RLitknd Shropflifre |
E. E. E. D.M.E E. E- E. |
|
Somcrfetiliire Staffordflure |
E. E. E. |
|
Suffolk |
V. C. |
|
Siirry SulTcx Warv.'ickfliirc |
E. E. E. E. E. |
E.
M. E. D. D.
Cities and Tovuns.
Bedford
Reading
Buckingham
Cambi idg
Ely, B. C.
Ch.^r, B.C.
Launccfton
Truro
Carline, B. C.
Darby
Exeter, B. C,
Plymouth
Dorchefter
Durham, B.C.
Colchcfter
Chelmsford
Gloceftcr, E. C
Hartbrd
St. Albons
Winchcfter , C B.
Southampton
Hereford, B. C-
Hjntington
Canterbury, C.
Rochcftcr, B.
Lancaftcr
Manchefter
Leicefter
Lincoln
London, B. C.
Weftminfter
Monmouth
Norwich, B. C.
Yarmouth
Peterborough.BC
Northampton
Newcaftle
Nottingham
Oxford, B. C
Okeham
Shrewsbuty
Ludlow
Briftol, C. B.
Bath, B.C.
Litchhtld, B. C-
Stafford
[pfwich
Bury
Guilfjrd
Kingfton
Chicefter, B. C.
Warwick
Coventry, B. C.
Kendal
Salisbury B. C.
Wilton
Worcei'tcr
York, A. B.C.
Richir.ond
Liitt- ude.
8 23 2 00 ■^ 15
2 26
3 17 o 49 o 27
4 59 2 58 o 43 o 25
0 41
4 49
1 58 I 47
I 54
I 49 I 45 I 3
0 53
1 8
2 10 I 19
1 24 4 27
3 35
2 40
3 15 I 3T I 70
1 52
2 42
2 44
2 35
Com. Dtft.
40 32 44 44 57 I40 '75
2l2 228 98 I 40 184
loo
200
44 25 83 20 20
54 62 I02 48 46
27 187
137
78
102
100
90
lOo
62
54
212,
96
47
7 +
124
105
94
S7
94
104
60
60
25
10
50
67
74
203
70
73
85
150
|
Me. |
M. |
|
Dift |
T. |
|
54 |
9 |
|
60 |
12 |
|
40 |
15 |
|
52 |
7 |
|
68 |
|
|
182 |
12 |
|
210 |
26 |
|
263 |
|
|
301 |
16 |
|
122 |
12 |
|
172 |
|
|
215 |
40 |
|
123 |
22 |
|
262 |
9 |
|
50 |
26 |
|
28 |
|
|
105 |
28 |
|
21 |
16 |
|
21 |
|
|
67 |
20 |
|
78 |
|
|
130 |
8 |
|
57 |
6 |
|
57 |
28 |
|
30 |
|
|
232 |
28 |
|
180 |
|
|
98 |
12 |
|
128 |
31 |
|
0 |
5 |
|
I |
|
|
127 |
7 |
|
loS |
34 |
|
122 |
|
|
76 |
13 |
|
66 |
|
|
276 |
II |
|
112 |
9 |
|
59 |
12 |
|
94 |
2 |
|
157 |
|
|
136 |
16 |
|
115 |
|
|
96 |
34 |
|
118 |
19 |
|
133 |
|
|
68 |
30 |
|
66 |
|
|
30 |
II |
|
12 |
|
|
63 |
17 |
|
90 |
15 |
|
92 |
|
|
258 |
8 |
|
83 |
21 |
|
R6 |
|
|
112 |
II |
|
192 |
,s| |
|
240 |
p.
M.
Par. Con.
4 I 116 9 140
1S5 163
68 161
58 106
324
24S
62
415
280 120
248
176
71
398
61
200 631
73
lj6 625
326
47 168 158
47
170
385 130
575 140
312 158
26 804
152 563
■Old Names.
Bedfordia
Readingum
Bukinghamia
Camborltum
Elia
Deva
Lanftaphadonia
Luguvallum
Derbia (rum
Ifca Damhonio-
Plimuta
Dunium
Dunellum
Colonia
Canonium
Clerum
Hertfordia
Veruhmium
\'cnta Belgarum
Clauftntum
Herefordia
Huntingdonia
Durovcrnum
Roffi
Longovicus
Mancunium
Rhaga
Lindum
Londinum
Veftmonafterium
Monumetia
Norvicum
Gariannorum
Petroburgum
Antona Borealis
Gabrofentum
Nottinghamia
Oxonium
L^xocona
Salopia
Liidloa
Briftolium
Aquae Calidae
Lichfeldia
Staffordia
Gippevicum
Villa Fauftini
Neomagus
Rcgiopolis
Ciceftria
Prxlidium
Conventria
Concangium
Sorbiodunum
Bannogcnium
Eboracum
Richmondia
THE
OfEnglarJ. 2$
THE better part of the beft Ifland in the whole Earth (anciently, together with Scotland^ as was faid before, called Great Britain, and fometimes Albion) was by Egbert the ilth King of the W(j} Saxons advanced to the Honour of an intire Monarchy, who having with profpe- rous Arms fubdued the principal Kingdoms oi the Saxon Heptarchy, Ai- led himfelf the lirft Monarch j and commanded this South Part of. Bri- tain fhould be called Angky or Engh-londy from the Angles a People of the lower Saxons, of whom he was defcended ; by the French, Angle- terre 5 by the Germans, Englandt ; and by the Inhabitants, England,
It is in length (from Benaoick^'m the North, to the IJIe of JVight in the South) 375 Miles i and from P<7t'er in the Eafi, to the LW/-E«^ in CornrvaU'm the Wefi, about 328 of the fame Miles j whereof 73 make a Degree : In Compafs about 1300 Miles ; in Shape, Triangular 5 and by computation contains about 30 Millions of ^cre/, being about the Thoufandth part of the Globe j and the Three hundred thirty third Part of the habitable Earth.
England was, in the time of the Romans, divided into Britania Prima, Britania Secmda, and Maxima C£farienfis ; the firft of thefe contained the South part of England^ the fecond all the Wejiern part, now called TVales j and the third, the Northern parts beyond Trent. After the Bri- tains had received the ChrijHan Faith, they divided the fame into three Provinces, or Archhijhoprickf, viz. of London , which contained that of Britania Prima ; ofTorJ^, which contained thzt pi Maxima C£farienfjs i of Caerlion, under which was Britania Secunda : Divided afterwards by the Saxons info Seven Kingdoms, as aforefaid.
At prefent, England^ according to its Refpe<St of Church and State, is fubjec^ to a fourfold divifion: Firft into two Provinces, or Archbijhop- rickj, Canterbury and Tork^^ and under thefe are 2 2 Bifhop, or Epifcopal Viocejfes, of which Canterbury hath 21, therefore called the Primate and Metropolitan of all England s and that of Tor^, three: Then there are Deanries 6q , Arch-Veanries ^ Prebendaries, and other Dignities 544, with P725 Parochial Benefices, and Vicaridges befides, of good Com- petency for the Encouragement of the Clergy, who, for ability of Learn- ing are not to be parallel'd in the World.
A Catalogm
Of EngUnd,
A Catalogne of the Archbithopricks and bilhopricks of England and Wales, mth tvhat Counties are under their Jurifdidions , and the Number of Parifhes and Impropriations that are in each Diocefs
Archbijhoprkk^^ and Biff-jofrkki.
Canterbury
York
London
Durham
Winchefter
Bath and Well Oxford
Bangor
Rochefter Ely
Chichefter
Salisbury
Worcerter
Lincoln
St. Afaph St. Davias Peterborough
Landaff
Countries under each of their Jurifdi^ions*
\Par.in\Imp» DiocefVioc
Carlile Exeter
Chefter
Briftol
Norwich
Glocefkr
Hereford Lichfield
}
i }
}
Hath Canterbury, and part of Kent, befides
peculiar in the Diocefs of Canterbury. Hath Yorkihire and Nottinghamlhire. Eflex, Middlefex and part of Hartfordfhlre. Durham,Northumberland,and thelfle of Man. Hampftiire, Surry, Ifle of Wight, Gernfey,
andjerfey, and Alderny. Somerfetfliire. Oxford (hire. Cirnarvanfhire, Anglefey, Merionethfhire,
and part of Denbilhire. Part of Kent. Cambridgfliire, and part of Ely. ^uffex, and part of Hartford Ihire. Wiklhire and Barkfhire. Worceilerfliire, part of Warwickfhire. Lincoln, Leiceiier, Bedford, Huntington, 2
Buckingham, and part of Hartfortfliire. \ Part of Flintfhire, and part of Denbighfhire. Perabrokeftiire, and Carmarthenlhire. Northampton, and Rutlandlhire Glamorganftiire,Monmouth5Breckncck,and , part of Radnorfhire. Cumberland, and part of Weftmorland. Devonftiire and Cornwall. Chelhire, part of Yorkfhire, Lancafhire, 7
' nd.J
J
} }
257
57 581 ^23
135
ip^
107
p8 141
250 248 241
1255
12 1
308 iP3
177
P3 <5o4
256
part of Flint, and part of Cumberla
Dorfetfhire.
Morfolk and Suffolk.
jlocefterfhire.
Hereford (hire, Shropfhire, part of Worce . ,. fl:er(hire, and part of Radnor{hire. r 3 3
Sta(ford(hirc, DarbyQiire, part of Warwick- fhire, part of Shropihire.
235 1 121
26 J
}557
140
14
335
i8p
87
131
160 88
3<^
3^
75 112
lop 76
577
19
120
ip p8
18 23P
lOI
d4
385 125
\66
250 Thi
Of England. 27
The fecond Divifion wasby KingH.^«ry the Second into fix Circuits* appointed to the Itinerary Judges ^ who are twice in a year in the chie^ Town of each County in their refpeCiive Circuit, to determine Caufesi and adminifter Juftice for the Eafe of the People.
The third is the Military Divifion^ for the railing of Horfe and Foot for the King's Service : It is alfo divided by the King's Juftices in Eyrs of the Foreft 5 and by the King of Arras into North and South of Trent.
The laft Divifion i^ that of Shires or Counties, hrfi ordained by King j4fred, which are fubdivided into Hundreds or Wapentakes, and thoie again into Tythings. He alfo appointed a Vice-compt or Sheriffs whofe Office was to look after the Peace and Welfare of the Shire : To Exe- cute the Kings Writs and Precepts, and perform feveral other duties ne- ceflary for the Execution of Juftice, and Welfare of the People : And thefe Sheriffs are generally chofen out of the chicfell of the Gentry. King Edtvard the Third ordained in every Shire, certain Civil Magi- jirates, intitled Jujiices of the Peace , whofe Duties are, to look after the Difordersthat arife in the Shire, or Hundred in which they reiide, and to punifli Offenders.
There are in all England 2 ^ Citks, <58o Great Towns, called Mar- h^t'Tomis ; p'j2'^Pari(hes, and in many of which are contained feveral Hamlets or ViHages as big as ordinary Parijhes.
England is bled with a fweet and temperate Air, the Cold in Winter being lefs Sharp than in fome parts of France and Italy, which yet are feated far more Southerly *, And the Heat in Summer is lefs fcorching than in fome parts of the Continent that lie much more Northward.
For as in Summer, the gentle Winds , and frequent Showres, qua- lifie all violent Heats and Droughts ; fo in Winter the Frofts do only meliorate the Cultivated Soil, and the Snow keeps warm the tender Plants.
The whole Countty is exceeding Fertile, abounding with all forts of Grain, Rich in Paflure, containing innumerable quantities of Cattel, yielding great plenty of all forts of Forvl, Wild and Tamej Its Seas and Kivers infinitely ftored with all variety of excellent Fifh: In its Bowels are found Pvich Mines of LW, Tinn, Iron, Copper and Coal, as ufeful as advantageous to the Nation : Nor doth it want Mines of Sil- ver, tho rare, and but in fmall quantities : It hath excellent Hot Baths, and divers Medicinal Springs: It is bravely furniftied with Variety of pleafaiit Orchards and Gardens , luxuriant with all forts of excellent Fruits, Plants and Flowers,
The Englijh are Governed by feveral Laws, viz. Common Lsrv, Statute Larr, Civil Lxw, Canon Lavo, and Martial Law, befides particular Cu- ftoms and By-Laws. E 2 The
&S Of E^glanL
The Common Law oi England is a CoUedion of the General Com- mon Cujiom and Ufages of the Kingdom, which have by length of time and immemorial Prefcription, obtained the force of Laws •, for Guftoms bind not the People till they have been tried and approved time out of mind. Thefe Laws were firft reduced all into one body, by King Edtpard the Elder, about the year poo ; revived by KingEd- vpard the ConfefTor i William the Conqueror added fome of the Cufloms of Normandy^ fince which Edwardxhc Firft did fettle divers fundamen- tal Laws, ever fince pradifed in this Nation.
Where the Common Law is fiient, there we have excellent Statute' Laws made by the feveral Kings of England.^ by and with the advice and Confent of the Lords Spirit ural and 'Temporal^ and Commons of Eng' land , by their Reprefentatives the Knights, Citizens and Burgejfes duly Eledled in Parliament.
Where Common and Statute- Lat^ take no Cognizance, As in matters tranfac^ed beyond the Seas, and relating to the Admiralty, &C. Ufe is made of the Civil Latv^ which ought to be the Product of the Com- mon Reafon and Wifdom of all Mankind, and fitted for the Intereft and Welfare, not only of one Nation, but takingCarefor the general Af- fairs of all People.
The Canon- Law is the many ancient General Councils of National and Provincial Synods, the divers Decrees and Judgments of the yincient Fathers^ &c. received by the Church oi England', by which flie pro- ceeds in her Jurifdidtions j as chiefly for the Reforming of the inward man, and matters accounted of a fpiritual Nature, as Cafes Matrimo- nial, Teftamentary, Scandals, Offences againft good Manners, &c.
Forejl-Laws are, for regulating Offences committed in, or relating unto fome Foreft or Chafe, for prefervation of the Game, &c.
Martial Law extends only to Soldiers and Mariners, and is not to be pradtifed in times of Peace, but only in War, and then and therejwhere the King's Army is afoot.
The T>o&rine of the Church of England is ApoftolicaU contained either in exprefs words of the Holy Scripture, or in the 3p Articles, and the Book of Homilies in all things agreeable thereunto 5 the Worfhip and Difcipline is in the Liturgy and Book of Canons : By all which it will appear to impartial eyes , that the Church of England is the moft exad and perfed Pattern of all the Reformed Churches in the World. Let Italy glory in this, that (he is the Garden of the Earth ; it may truly be faid o^England, that it is the Court and Trefence-Chamber of the Great Je- hovah ; which ftiould engage us the more by Holy Lives to walk fuitable to fuch Mercies, and not to forfeit thofe ineftimable Priviledges, by our
crying
Of England,* 29
aying fins \ for how can we expedl that Gk)d Ihould always continue fo gracious to us, if we continually turn his Grace into Wantonnefs ? Englandis a Free, Hereditary, Paternal Monarchy, Governed by one Supreme, Independent and Undepofable Headjaccordingtothe known Laws and Cuftoms of the Kingdom: A Monarchy ^thzt without Inter- ruption hath been continued 1000 years; in a word, a Government of a perfed and happy compofition, wherein the King hath his full Pre- rogative, the Nobility and Gentry Civil and due Refpedi 5 and the Peo- ple in general, Malkrs of the Eftates they can get by their Labours and Endeavours 5 a Bleiling that few Countries can boali of: O happy and bkfled England ! Thy Valleys are like Eden, Thy Hills like Lebanon.Thy Springs as Shiloe^ and thy Rivers as Jordan 5 a Paradife of Pleafure, and the Garden of God, enriched with all the Bleflings of Heaven and Earth.
Her chief Cities are London, Londiniumoi Ptolomy, Ant. &'tac.Lunden Ger. Londra^Ita. Londres Gal, the Epitome of England, the Seat of our Briti(h Empire, the Chamber of the King,and the chiefeft Emporium (or feat of Traffick ) in the world : To defcribe all things in this City worthy to be known, would take up a whole Volume. I (hall only fay, feated (he is in an Excellent Air, in a Fertile Soil, and on the fa- mous Navigable River Thames^ about <5o miles from the Sea, in 5 1 deg. 30 min. North Latitude.
In Length from Eaji to Weji fevcn Englifli miles and a half i and from North to Sottth two miles and a half: But of late years fo increafed and ftill multiplying in Building in all her parts, that there can no Bounds or Limits be fet to her Circumference. The Buildings fair and liately ; for large Pia2za's,for fpacious ftraight Streets and ftately Uniform Buil- ding, fce has not any Rival in Europe.
It hdid 1^0 Parijh- Churches, hcUdcs Chappels ', the Mother-Church is that of St. Paul, the only Cathedral of thatName inEurope : It was a Strudure for length 6po foot ; in breadth 130, in height 102 foof, and contained about three Acres and a half of Ground ; Built in the form of a perfedCrofs, in the midft whereof was raifed a Tower of Stone 260 foot high ; and on that a Spire of Timber, covered with Lead, 2 60 foot more. This (lately Monument of England, and Glory of the City of London, was Ruined by the late Dreadful Conflagration in 1 666. Yet fince, our hte Gracious Sovereign, Charles the Second, like another Solomon, laid a New Foundation of fuch a Fahrick^, as for M^g- tiificence. Splendor, Figure, and Excellent Architeclure,t.\\QJVorld never faw the like : The Model whereof was Defigned by that Incomparable Archite^, Sir Chriliopher PFren,
And
^o ^f Efigland.
And hete I cannot but give a ftiort Acconnt of the vaft Damage and Spoil done by the forementioned Fire : It hath been computed that there were burnt within the Walls of the City 12000 Houfes, and without 1000; Valued at three MiUions and nine hundred thoufand pounds Sterling.
BefidesSy Parifh-Churches, the aforementioned Cathedral^ the T^oyal Exchange^ the Magmfi cent Guild- Hall, the Cujiom-Htmfe^ the many Ha/// of Companies, thcGates^ with other Publick Buildings, valued at two Millions. ThsTf^are- houfes. Stuffs, Money, and Goods loft and fpoiled, were eftimated to two Millions of pounds. The Money fpent in Remo- ving of Goods and Wans, in the Hire of Carts, Boats, Porters, dec. mo- delHy computed at the leart tvvO hundred thoufand pounds: The whole Damage amounting at the leaft to Nine Millions, nine hundred thoufand pounds. And what is moll: Remarkable, that notwithftanding thefe excellive Loflesby Fire, the Devouring Peftilence but the Year before, and the Chargeable War againft three Potent Nations at the fame time" depending, yet within four or five Years the City was Re- built, divers Itately Halls and Churches ereded j all infinitely more Beautiful, more Commodious, and more Solid than before 5 for which all praife and glory be given to God by us and Potkriry.
The vaft Traihck and Commerce of this City may be guelTed at, by ksCuftomsj which, tho moderate, compsired with the Impofitions of other Countries, did formerly amount to about 300000/. per An- num, and now are increafed by report to a much greater Value.
Time would fail me here, to fpeak of its Antiquity, Stately Palaces, Streets, Exchanges, Number of Inhabitants, Trade, and Government i of its well-fortitied torver( the Grand Arfenal of the Kingdom: ) Its in- comparable Bridge, Publick^CoIIedges, Schools, Hofpitals, Wcrk^hcufes, &C. I (hall therefore only add, London is a huge Magazine of Mtn, Money, Ships, and all forts of Commodities j the Mighty Rendezvous of Nobility, Gentry, Courtiers, Divines, Lappyers, Phyfcians, Ladies, Mir chants. Sea- men, and all kind of ^xceWeni Artificers, of the moft Res'ined Wits, and the moft Excellent Beauties in the rvorld.
Of
Of EngUnL Jx
Of the Univerfities, Oxford: Oxomum L.tt. Ca/kva Ant, OxenfordS.ix, RhUkhm or Rhydychm Brit, And Camhridgy Q&mboricum Ant, Cajitahrigia Beda. Gramh^fler Sax,
IN the be.iutilul Body of the Kingdom of England^ the two Eye/ are the two Vniverfities j thofe Pvcnowned Nurferies of Learning and Religion, which for number of Magnihcenc and Pvichly-Endovvcd Col- ledges, for liberal Stipends to all forts of Pablick ProfdTors, for number of well-furniihed Libraries, for Number and (X^allty oi Students, exadt Difcipline and Order, are not to be parallel'd in the whole World.
So famous beyond the Seas, and fo much furpitling all other in Fo- reign parts, that they deferve a far worthier Pen than mine to Blazon their Excellency. I (hall therefore only fay, that nothing was everde- vifed more fingularly ad vantagious to God's Chitrch and mans Hippineff^ than thefe ZJmverfities i from whence men of Excellent parts, after lea- fonable time in Study, are called forth to ferve both in Church znd State,
Tor\, Ebcracum Ant, Eburacum Ptol. Caerfroch^ vel Caer-Efroc Brit, is a City of great Antiquity, efieemed the fecond of England ■-> Famous for its Cathedral, for the Birth-place of Conjiantine the Great, and the Bu- rial-place of Severus the Emperor ; it is the Title of the King's fecond Son, and an ArchbiSioprick.
Canterbury. Vurovernum.Varvenum Ant.& VtoLVurovernia Beda, is remar- kable for being the Seat of an Archbifhop who is Primate of all England,
Brifhl, Brijhlium, Famous for its Trade and Commerce, and for its Scituation in two Counties.
Norrvich, Norvicum, for its Indufiry in W^oollen Manufactures.
Salisbury, Sarum, for its rare Cathedral, wherein there are as many. Doors as Months, as many Windows as Days, and as many Pillars as Hours in the Year«
Wind/or, Windlefora, pleafantly feated on the fide of the Thames, and is famous for itsftately Callle, and Royal Palace of Their Majefties.
Glaucefier is the Title of the Third Son of Great Britain, feated upon the Severn^ near the Ifle Aldney, where was fought the Combat between EdiTMnd Iron- fide. King of the Englijh Saxons, ^nd^Canutus the Vane.
I had purpofed to have given a more particular defcription of all the reft of the principal Cities in England, but mult defer it for a Treatife of England., wherein each County is drawn for a Pocket-Volume after- a more new and compendious way than ever yet extant , 1 (hall there- fore here fay no more of England,
0£
^^
Of Wales.
Of Wa/es. 53
WALES IS z Principality adjoining to, and annext in Govern- nnent with England', Inhabited by the Pofterity of the Ancient Britans, who being driven out o^ the reft of the Land by the intruding Saxons, whom they fent for over to affift them againft the Incurfions of the Scots and Pitts^ (heltered themfelves in thole Mountainous parts, and to this day retain their Primitive Language, which hath the leaft mixture of Exotkkwoxds of any now ufed in Europe, but by reafon of its many Confonants is lefs pleating to the Ear : The People are Faith- ful, and very loving to one another in a ftrange Country, and to firan- gers in their own. Their Gentry brave and Hofpital, but generally fub- jedl to Choler,,fuddenly moved to Anger, and as quickly pacified j and value themfelves very much upon their Pedigrees and Families. The Eldeft Son and Heir Apparent of our Kings of England is always qua- lified, during the Life of his Father, with the Title of Prince of Wales,
'Tis bounded on all fides by the Sea, except towards England, from which it was once feparated by a great Ditch called Offas Dike, in many places yet to be feen, which Dike began from the Influx of the River Wye, in the Severn, and reached unto Chejhr, about 85 Miles. Moft Writers tellus, *tis now divided by the River Ptc, and a Line drawn to the Fviv a Wye. But Mcnmouth being taken from it, and ad- ded w England, its prcfent Limits are the River Vee, and a Line drawn to the fmall River Kumpney near Cardiff.
The Couiitry is generally Mountainous, yet not without its fertile Vallies, which bears good Corn, and breedeth abundance of Cattel 5 which produce fl ore of Butter and Chcefe. Other Commodities are,
Weljh Fieeics, Cottons, Bayes, Herrings, White and Red, Hides, Calves-skins, Honey, Wax. It hath Mines of Lead, Lead-ore, Coals, It is well fiored with Quarries of Free- ftones, and Milftones.
It once contained three Kingdomes, viz. Grvineth, Venedotia, or I<!orth'Wales. Vdnubanh , Demetia^ ot South- Wales. And Pon^ifland^ or Maihraval,
'Tis now according to an Ad of Parliament in the Reign of King Henry the Eighth, fevered into two parts, viz. ISlorth-Wales, and South- Wales, each of thefe contain fix Counties, viz. in the North Angkfey, Mona 'Xac. Ca(rnarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth^ and Montgomery. In the South, Brecknock^, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, Fembroke, and Radnor. Whofe chief Towns are,
Beaumari(h at Beaumorilfj. BeUcmorifcus, cf old the chief of j4nglefey, feated upon the Menai River, founded by King Edward the Firfl.
Aberfraop was the Royal Seat of the Kings of Crvimth , or North- Wales. And, F Holy-
^4 Of Wale f.
Holy-head^ or Caerguhi of the IFelJh^ a noted Promontory and paf- fage into Ireland. In this Ifland was the ancient Seat of the Vmidsf brought under the Roman Scepter by Julius Agrkola.
Caernarvon^ Arvoniaoi old, the belt Town of that Shire, ftrong by Nature and Art, founded by King Edxvard the Firft. In the CaiVIe whereof, Edvpard the Second, the Firlt Prince of Wales was born.
Bangor^ or Banchor Bangoria Lat. Dignified with a Birtiops See.
u^berconway^r^ikd out of the ruins of the Banonium oiA)it.Canovi'-jo\lmm^
Denbijh^ Venhighia Lat, feated on the River Clityd^ once fortiHed with a ftrong Caftleand Wall. By the Britains^ Elad Frynin.
Ruthin^ Cc^tcd in the Strat. Cluyd. Jfrexbam, plenty in Lead.
Llanfjinm^ a fmall Village, is famous for its Cave in the. fide of a Rock 5 known by the Name of Arthur's round Table.
St. y^faph, Llan-ElxvyWelflo.F annum St, Jfapbi, an ancient Epifcopal See, founded by Kentigern 2i Scotch Bi(hop oiCflafcorv^ mAnno '^60.
Flinty which giveth Name to the County. Not far from Cayruis is the famous Well of St. Mnnifrid, in Englijh Holy- well, a place of great note, and muchreforted unto for the Cure of feveral Difeafes.
In this County of Flint are yet feen fome Ruins of the Bmium of Ant. lying upon both (ides of the Dee, turned afterwards into a Mona- liery, and named Bancornahury by 'Bede, and Banchor by Mdmesbury j the hrft oi th2 Britans.) containing iioo perfons.
Harlech had a ftrong Caftle mounted upon a fteep Rock, but redu- ced to ruins i 'tis the place of Allizes for Merioneth/hire., and the chief Market of the Mountaineers.
Bala^ feated neii Llin-tegid, or Pimblemeer, through which the Pee is faid to run, and not to mingle with its waters.
Montgomery the Shire-Town, is fo called from Roger of Montgomery^ Earl of Shrewsbury in the reign of the Conqueror.
Lanvethlin., or LlanviUing^ is thought to be the Mcdiolanium of Fto- lomy and Ant.
Trellin^ or Ifelfh-pool, feated on the Severn^ and in a rich Vale, is the greateft and beft built Town in the County 5 and its Caftle, called Pm-zj-Caftle, is a large and ftately building.
Machleneth the Maglona of the Notitia, .
M^/k-JZ'^/theSeat fometimesof the Princes of Poms.
BrecJ^nock^^ Brichinia Lat . feated at the meeting of the Rivers Hodney and Vsk^.> over which it hath a Stone- Bridge. It contains three Parifti- Churches, and was once ftrengthened with a ftrong Caftle.
Built Buelth, the BuVumoi Ant, pleafantly feated among the Woods on the Banks of the^/V,
Of W^es. B^
Ng«? R<«irt5r,thus diftinguifhed from the old, the Migmeoi Ant,zx\A Mag£ of the N^m/«j5reatedncar the Springhead of xht'Somergil^ and in a pleafant Valley.
At Trefiaine^ feated on the Iftg, are t4ie Affizes kept.
Knighton is a well built Borough-Town. The Wett-part of this Coun- ty of Radnor is very Rocky and Mountainous, the Itrong refuse of Vortigern King of the Britains^ when purfued by the Saxons, and the f^ar and hate of his own Subjeds.
Snowden-Hill was the fafe retreat of Owen Gkndor.
Cardigan^ Aber iyii JFelJh .Cevdica Lat. feated on a Rock on the Bank cf tyivy River near the Influx into the Sea, is the Shire-Town , and governed by a Mayor.
Llan-beder hath a Market on Tuefdays. Jkr-y-fitvith feated at the mouth of the KivcrsTjirrhh and K/Vo/,defcendingfrotH the foot of the ?/7?7zwo« Mountain, asdoth alfo the Tfws, and i^je- River.
LlanhadernvauT is a well-built Town, graced with a fair Church, formerly an Epifcr pal See, now the Parifli-Church of Aber-y-fitritk
Caermarden-i the Maridunum of Ptolomy^ upon the River levy, over which it hath a fair Stone-Bridg,and it is a Toyi'n Corporate, govern- ed by a Mayor, two Sheriffs, and fixfeen Burgefles, all clad in Scarlet, and is alfo famous for the Birth place of Merlin the Britijh Prophet. Higher, upon the top of a Hill under which runneth the tovy, flood VinevourCzMc, the feat of the Prince of South-Wales.
NetiFCjflle on the edg of Cardiganfhire, on the River Tjvi^ thought to be the Coventinumoi Ftolomy, hut Lyn Savatan ncdiT Breck^ock^^ is the Lo- veniinam^ or Luentium, Camb.
In Glamorganfhire^ the chief Towns are Landdffy Fanum ad Tattam^ feated on the KivctTavy or Tiffy having a large Cathedral, a Bilhops See, otherwife fcarce comparable to an indifferent Town occafioned by its vicinity to Cardiff, the fairef^ Town in all South-Wales. Containing two Pariihes, and one Church. A ftrong (lately Caflile. 'Tis governed by a Conftable and twelve Aldermen, e^c. 'Tis the place of the Ailizes, and the bell: Market in the Countrey.
Neatb^ the Nidum oi Ptolomy^ is much frequented for Coals.
Swanfey^ or Abertavo^ is an ancient Port- Kez^e Town, of a good Trade, by reafon of its Coal-pits, and induftry of its Inhabitants. Boverton, not far from Corvbridge^ is the Bovium of Ant.
LagW upon the River fo called, is the Leucarum of Ant.
Pembrol^^thc chief Shire-Town, feated on Af?7/or<5?Haven,fo large and capacious, that it may fafeiy contain a i coo fail of Ships, over which it hath two fair Bridges, a place of good ftrength, fortified with a Wall and a ftrongCaftle feated on a Rock. F 2 St. "Davids
3 6 Of Scotland.
St. "Davids^ Menevia,& Fanum Davidis^ oiKe a City of good account, ^now only notable in that it is a Biftiop's See, and a fair Cathedral. Haverfordtveji is the Town where the Allizes are kept, Tenby is feated upon a Rock, having a commodious Road for Ships. Fifhgard is the Abergtvaine of the Ifeljh.
The Defcription ^/SCOTLAND.
Of Scotland. fy
Scot LAND is feparated from England by the Rivers Trveed and Soltvay^ and the Chevht Hills : The Ancient Inhabitants were the Britain!^ divided by Ftolomy into many lefTer Names, by Vion and Xf- fhilinus into two only general . r/z. the Calidonii and Mcat£ : After wards called the Fids towards the wain of the Roman Empire, fiom their Paintings, and for their better diltindion from the civil and clo- thed Britains, diftinguitlied by Am. Mjtrciliinus into the PiCisVucalidonia^ and the VeBuriones : The Scots.,^ Colony of the bordering Zr?/'^ intruding amongft, and conquering the Pzc7/, or Bntaius^ all other Names worn ouf, the whole are now accounted Scots.
The Length of Scotland I find fet down by Heylin^ to be 480 fvliles, but the breadth in no place more than 60 Miles-, the truth of which will appear, if you conlider the Latitude of Sol-tvay-Fritb^ near CarliJIe.^ the moft Southern part of Scetland-^ and Straitshy-head., the mort Nor- thern i you will find the greateft length can be but 260 Englijh Milesi and the breadth in the broadeft place more than 1 60 Miles, as you will ealily fee by the Map.
Scotland.) according to its Situation, may be divided by the River I'ay into two parts, vjz. North and Souch, commonly diftinguiined by the Names of Highland, and Lowland. The firft was the Ancient Kingdom of the Scots : The other the Old Habitation of the Pidr. The People of the former are by Nature and Difpoiition rude and un- civil: The Inhabitants of the latter, in Difpofition , Civility, Lan- guage, and Habit, are much refembling the Englijh.^ and are thought to be Defcendedof the Saxons.
On the Weft part of Scotland are many Woods , Mountains, and Lakes : Towards the Eaft it is more Fruitful in Corn, efpecially Bar- ley and Oats : Their Fruits are not very Excellent, nor plentiful : but they have abundance of Fi(h and Fowl ; not much Cartel, nor big. Their chief Commodities are, Coarfe Clothes, Freezes, Fijhy Lead, Oar, Feathers, Allows, Iron, Salt-Petre, Linnen-cloth, 'Train-Oyl, feme Hides, and Tallow.
The Kingdom of Scotland confifts of the Nobility, Gentry, and Com- mons: Thefe with the Lords Spiritual Affemble together in Parliament, when called by Writ from the King of Great Britain : who, by reafon of his Reiidence in England, conftitutes and appoints a Vice-Koy to Adt under him at the faid Seffion of Parliament, called Lord Commijjiomr.
As to their Courts of Judicature, they have feveral : the Chief is the Sejfion, or Colkdge ofjufiice, confining of a Prefident, fourteen Senators^
( feven
3 8 Of Scotland,
( feven of the Clergy, and as many of the Laity) whereunto is now ad- ded the Chancellor^ who is chief: and four Lords of the Nobility : be- lides as many Advocates and Ckrh^ as the Senators fee convenient. Thefe fit and adminifter Juftice every day, from nine to twelve, QY.c^'pt. Sun- days and Mmdiys^ from the fir(T of November to C/.'r//t^w^/^Eve : and from the firft day of January to the lal\ of Febrmiry: and from 'trinity- Sunday to the Hrlt day oi Aaguji : But now by A6t of Parliament the Summer- SelFions are taken away, and inftead thereof they are to be kept in Mirch.
This Court is of great (late andorderi the Clerks write all the Ma- terial Heads that are pleaded at the Bar. And after the Parties are removed, the Senators confider the Arguments, and give Sentence, and the major part carries it. Their final Sentence or !:)ecree5 deter- mines all bulinefs, there being no appeal, only to the Parliament, who may receive and repeal their decifive Sentence.
The next fupream Court is the Juftice-Court, where all Criminals are tried : it coniilis of a Lord Juttice General, and of a Lord Juftice Clark, who is his Ailiibnt. This Order wa5 changed, Anno i(55p, and by Ait of Parliament four Judges were appointed to fit in this Court with the Lord Jutxice General, &c. The Jury is made up of fifteen, the major part determines the matter. Befides this Court, there are in every Shire or County Inferior Civil Judicatories^ or Courts kept, wheiein the Sheriff of the Shire, or his Deputy, deciderh Contro- veriiesand Law-Suits: but from fhefe there are Appeals to the Seffions, or Higher Court of Equity. There are like wife Judicatories., called Com- mifTarials, for Ecclefiajiical Affairs.
The Shires of Scotland are, viz. Edinburgh Barrvick^., Peeblis^ ^^^k^rl^^ Roxburgh , 'Dumfreis , Wightotvn , Air , Renfretv , Lanrick^., or Lanock^^ Dumbritton, or Dmbarton^ Boot., Inner., Ara, Perth., Striveling., or Ster^ lir.g^ Linlithgorv., Clackrnanan., Kinros^ Coiiper., & Fife., Forfar., Kiiih^ardin., & Marifchals., Aberdeen., Bamf & Errols., Elgin, Nairn, hinermfs &Rofs., Cromarty, 'tayn, Dornock^, Weik^, Orl\ney. The Conflabulary of Had- dington. The Stexvartries oi Strath-yern, Menteith., Annannaile, Kir^ubright, TheBaileries oi Kyle, Cjrr/ci^ and Cunningham,
Scotland is alfo divided into feveral Counties or> Parts vLothien, Merch., T'eifdal, or Tiviotdale, EsJ^dale, Eifsk^ale, Liddefdale, Amiandale, Nithif- dale., Galloppoyy Carrith^, -Kyle , Cunningham , Clidefdale, Lennox^ Strive- ling or Sterling, Mentieth, Fife, Strathern, Argile, Lorn., Cantire., Arran, Albany or Bratd, Albin, Perth, Athol^ Unguis, Mernis, Buquihan or BuchaNi Marr, Marray, Lochabyr^ Roff^y Souther land, Strathnavern & Cathnes.
The Government whereof is divided into two Arch-Bifho^rick^s, Saint
Andrenpi
Of ScotUnL 1^
Aninvps and Glafco , under whom are feveral Suffragan- Bifhops.
Its chief places are, Edinburgh, the Metropolitan City of this King- donfi, fcituateinahighand wholfbme Air, and a fertile Soil, conlilt- ing chiefly of one Street about a Mile in length, out of which runs many fmaller Lanes and Streets. 'Tis Hrongly begirt with a Wall, and Fortified by a fair and ftrong Caftle, feated on the top of a Rock : a place Adorned with many fair Edifices, Dignified with the Courts of Judicature, High Court of Parliament, and a Univerfity.
St. Andreivs, of old Fanum KeguU^ hath a fair Profpedi towards the Sea, near the fall of the Ef)[7^«; Fortified with a fair and ftrong Caftle •■, Dignified with an Archbifhop's See.
Glafco, pleafantly feated on the Kwer Cluyd, over which it hath a fair Bridge: A place of good Account, Dignified with an ArchbiQi-ap's See, and a Univerfity. Clafquum. Script. Scot.
Stcrlins^y a place of good firength, and Fortified with a ftrong Caltle. Strivilingum vel Strevelinum feu Sterlinga,
Dunbritton ^ a place of great firength, having the ftrongeft Caflle in all Scotland^ both by Nature and Art. Ca[irnmBriionum.
Falkland^ pleafantly feated for Hunting.
Linlithqm-, or Lithquo, upon a Lake near unto the Head of the Frithy fuppofed to be the Lindum of Ptol. a City of the jyamnii.
Mnjfdborough^ upon the River Fsk,?-, is memorable for a great over-: throw of the Scots^ by the Englijh under Edward Duke of Somerfet, Piotedor of England in the Minority of King Edrvard the Sixth.
Leiih is a noted Port upon the Frith of Edinburgh ; the Bodotria of " T'ac. and Bjderia of PtoL
Perth., 01 St. Jjhnj "Torpn., a place of good Account, pleafantly feat- ed at the Mouth of the River 7ay^ between two Greens.
Aberdeen., fcituate on the Mouth of the Pviver Von^ and dignified with an Episcopal See, and a Univeifity. Aberdonia olm Devana,
Coldingham., Coldana Beda., Colania Ptol. famous {ot hs choice Nuns, ■ Peblis and Selkirk, are Sheriffdoms for the Valleys.
Jedburgh and Roxburgh are Sheriffdoms, the lafi: fatal to the .?cof/ by the death of King James the fecond, ilain in that fiege by the EngUfh, ^
yinnan and Cajile-Mahan^ are the two chief Towns, near Soltvay Frith, the Itwia M^ivariam of the Ancients. Abercori gives Title of Earldom to the Vuk^e Hamilton. Dunbar Bara Ptol. or Vara. & Vumba- rum, is memorable for the Battel of 11550, Sept. 25.
Dunfreis is a rich and well traded Emporie upon the River Nith.No- hius of Ptol. and at the mouth is Caerlaverock^ Caftle, Corhantorigum of old, was the Houfe of the Lord Maxml's, Higher up the River is
Morton-, -.
Ao Of Scotland.
Morton^ naming the Earls Morton of the name oiVotigUa. Higher is San- ghniT-Cz^\c^ whereof are intitled the Lord Sangbuer, of the Houfe or Name of the Crdtchtons. A little remote from the River is feated Gkncarne., the Fails whereof are of the Houfe or the Cunhghamj . Kir- couhright is a commodious Haven. Wiqlnon a Snejrifdom. IVhhbcrn is the Lmcopbia of Fiol, and Candida Cafa ot Beda.
Bargeny is the Bmgonmn of Ant. Caffil Caji. the Sear of the Earls of the Houfe of the Ka.mdycs. Air is a Sherifdom. and a noted Port and Empory.Jira^w a fmall ?oi^.Eglir.gion-Czi\\t gives theTitle to the Mmt- gomeries. Douglas upon the River Vruglas in VcugLis'Dale ^ names the ancient and Noble Families of the V.uglajfes. Lihric- La/nrcum, a She- rifdom at the Confluence of the Douglas and Chiya. Hamilton Caftle up- on the Cluyd., the Clcta or Glota of Ptol. naming the Houfe and Mar- quelTiS of H.imiUon. Bothipel, an Earldom upon the Clnyd, as is alfo Crarvford oi i\\& Earls of LW/e)'. Renfrew ^Vanduara^ is a Slierifdom and Barony Hereditary to the Lord Sempits. Vmblane^ a Bifhop's See upon the Taicb. Lower down at the mouth of the Fr/th ot Fonb, lie the She- rifdoms o{ Clachtnannan and Kinros. Aberneth, Vt&aria. at the fall of the River Ern into the 7ay^ was the chief Scat of the Kings ofPi6fs. Arrol upon the Tay ^ the Seat of the Earls of .noL /ithnl was fometimes part of the Calidonian Wood, Itrong Faflnefles of ViCls and Northern Britons, Forfar^ Orrhea of old is the Seat of the Sheriffs. Dundee^ Ahdum & Dei Donwn-t a rich and noted Port at the mouth of the 7ay. Brechin upon the Es}\c^ is a Bifhop's See. Montrofs gives name to the Earls of Montrofs. Vunnoter-Qd^^Xt in Mirn^ feated upon a lleep and inaccellible Rock, is the Seat of the Sheriff. Between Loquahtir and Marr rifeth the high Country of Badgenotb. In Buquhan lie the fmall Countries and Prefedtures oiBamfjrathbogye, and Boyn-^ places of Note j in Murray axQ Rothes Calfle, giving Names to the Earls of Rothes. Elgin, Foms, Nirn., are Sherifdoms about the Lake M/}, and part of the M. Grampius of Tac. extending to the Lake Lotnond. In R.fs is the Couiitry of jirdmea- nuch , which giveth Title to the feccnd Sons of f he Kings of Scotland. Chanoury is the Seat of the.Biiliops. Cromerty is a Sherifdom. Vtm Ro- bin Caiile, the Seat fometimes of the Erls of Sunderland. ( Rofmarch£um of old, ) Girmgo Caftle the Seat of the Earls of Cathenes. Vumock^Sind IVick^-, the Seats of the Biihcps. Fara., or Varar JEjiiiariwn^ is Murry- Firth.
In this Realm of Scotland there are two fam.ous and Wonderful Lotighs^ Nijfj and Lomond : the iirft never freezeth in the extrearaelt Cold, and the Waters of the fecond rage in the calmeff W<;ather.
The
Of Scotland, 41
The l^xnds adjacent and belonging to Scotland^ are, i. The Hehridei-, lying on the Weft-fide thereof, and are 44 in Number : the chief whereof are, lUa, Jona^ Mtda., Ltwis^, &c. pJentiful of Wood^ Comi Sal- mons^ Herrings J Conks^ Deer., Sheepj in feme vvith , in others without Owners. .
2. The Orcades of 'tae, or the I/Iafids ci Orkney, in Number 5 1, ly- ing from the North and North- Eaft point <ji Scjilzr.d : The greateft and chiefeft Ifland is now ca\kd Mainland^ formerly Pcmoma , well lloied with Lead and Ti/i, whofe chief Town is Kirkr^JJ^^ Fcrtilied v/ithtwo CaftleSj and dignified with the See of x EiChop ; the Inhabitants com- monly called K?i/-/^<;i/?i^/.
3. Shjtland Iflands, or Schetland, ,the 'Tbukf or Thyle of the Ancients, lying about 20 Leagues Northwards from the Ork^.ey, being manyin Number: the chief of which is called Sbodand, being about 60 miles in lengfli : the Inhabitants are partly Scots^ and partly a niixt People of Vanes znd Scots, Their Commodities are Ling and Cod. '
Toward: North B^/-B?ic^, near the Shore, Ikth Baslfund, which ap- pears to be a high craggy Rock, and is remarkable for thegreat imm- hex o( SolandGe(J}, by fome called B^m^c/ex, and vulgarly thought to be ingendred by the Fruit of certain Trees dropt into the Water, But the Hollanders report, that the Barnacles which they call Rot-Gaufen^ are bred in the Northern parts, and that they couple together, lay, and hatch their Eggs. And Gerard de Veeo in his third Navigation to Greenland., affirms, that with his Companions they have driven them from their Neils, and taken and eaten of their. Eggs.
Beiidcs, Anatomy difcovers in their Bodies, v^^here the diiFerences of Sexes do vifibly appear, the, Ma^^es having all the fame parts as the common Drakes, and the Femalss having their Ovaria as other Birds.
Between the Illands of OrkrJey^nA Shetland lie two Iflands : one cal- led Fair-Hill, the oiher Fulo : about ten Leagues one from the other.
Thus much, in brief, as to the Situation, Length, Breadth, Divifion, Fertility, People, Government, Chief Towns, and Iflands oi Scotland,
G Of
42
Ireland
'^l/Ujd CMtir 3\ '^- *] \
Of Ireland* 4?
TH E firft Inhabitants Cto omit the Fables of the Irijh Chronicles) upon probable Circumftances,were theBm^wjjtogether with the mixt Nations of the Goths^ Gaalf, Africans^ &c. though moHiOeographers are of Opinion, that its firft People came wholly out of Britain^ being the iiigheiV-to-itifl^ — -~1T.?^^~- ~~' '^~. TI
Ire/ Wiieth- betwixt the f I and ^dJ degrees of NTorthern Latitude, or betwixt the middle parallel of the eighth Clime, where thelongelt day hath \6 hours and a half, and the 24th parallel, or end of the lofh Clime, where the fame hath 17 hours and a half.
The firftlnhabitantSi the Jr//^ (for more ancient we find not) were by Ttolomy diftinguifhed into ftiiidTy lefTer People and Names : Th^- Khobognii^ Darnii^ VoluntH^f^enmcmi^ znd Erdinii^ now containing t//- Jier. The Auuri^ Gangani and Nagnat£, inhabiting Conaught. The Veil- bori^ Vterni^ Vodii^ and Coriondi^ now Munfler. The Mempii , Cauci , Blanii, Sind Brigantes^ now Leinjier : whofe Cities were K%m, Rbeba, MacoUeum^ Dunum^ Laberuf^ Juernis^ Nagnatu^ Kegia altera^ Manapia^ now Wexford^ and Eblana, Dublin, whofe Interpretations, unlefs the two laft, we let pafs as very uncertain. Towards the wain of the Ro- man Empire they are named Scots ( the occafion or reafon hereof we find not) fubduing the neighbouring P/Yifj' and C^/e^iiJwi^w/, and giving the Name of Scotland to the Northern part of the Briti(h Continent. Leaving there this new affeded Name, they laftly refume, and return here unto their firft and more wonted name oilrijh.
The firft Onfet it received, by way of Invafion, was by the. Saxon Monarchs, who made themfelves Maftersof fome places, but could not long continue in polTeffion of them.
The next that in Hoftile manner vifited it, were the Northern Na- tions, Vanes, Swedes, and Normans ; who fcouring along the Sea-coafts, by way of Piracy, and afterwards finding the weaknefs of the Jfland, made an Abfolute Conqueft of it, under the Condud of one turgefns r but were foon routed out by the Policy of the King of Meath. After this the petty Princes enjoyed their former Dominions, till the Year 1 172. at what time, the King of Leinfter, having forced the Wife of the King o£ Meath, was driven by him out of this Kingdom : who applying himfelf to Henry the Second of England, for Succour, re- ceived Aid, under the Leading of Richard de Clare, Sirnamed Strong- bow, Earl oi Pembroke: by whofe good Succefs, arid the King's ne- fence, the petty Kings, or great Lords, fubmitted themfelves, ptomi- ling to pay him Tribute, and acknowledge him their Chief and So- vereign Lord.
G 2 Bat
^4 Of Irelafid.
But as the Conqueft was but flight and fuperfidal, Co the Trijh fub- millions were but weak and fickle AlTurances to hold in Obedience fo confiderable a Kingdom, though the Charter was confirmed by Pope Hadrian.
So that it was not till the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's Reign that the fame was wholly fubjugated, and the Foundation laid of a lading Peace with Ireland.^ which focn after was very far proceeded in by King Jamef, and now fully perfcdtcd, according to all Human appearance, by our Gracious Sovereigns King IViHiam and Qiieen Mary : So that now Ireland is a Flourilhing Ifland, Civil in its felf, and a good ad- ditional ftrength to the Britifh Empire,
Ireland (called by the Latini^ Hibernia : by the Greeks ^ Irnia j by Tom- poniuf and Solimts^ called Jitverna : by Ptolemy^ Juerna : by OrpJmts , u^rifiotle, Straho^ Stephanus and Claudianus., Jerna : by Eujiathius^ Ver- nia : by Diodorm , Iris : by the IVelJh, Tverdhon : by the Inhabitants, Erya, Irlandt Gertnanis^ Irlanda Italis, IrlandeGaJlif. Is in length 300, and in breadth 130 miles : containing by computation i j millions of Acres, and is about | oiEngland and IVaks. It was anciently divided into five Provinces, each one a Kingdom in its felf, viz. i,Leinfler, 2. Meath. 3. Vljhr. 4. Connaught. And 5, Mmjhr. But now the Province of Meath is reckoned for a Member or part of Lcinjhr.
Thefefour Prwiwcej- compofe that Kingdom : as beautiful and fweet a Country as any under Heaven : being ftored with many goodly Ri- vers, Replenifhed with abundance of all forts of Fifti, fprinkled with brave Iflands and goodly Lakes; adorned with goodly Woods, full of very good Forts and Havens : The Soil moft Fertile, and the Hea- vens moll: mild and temperate, but not fo clear and fubtil as the Air in England I and therefore not fo favourable for the Ripening of Corn and Fruits, as to the Grafs, for all kind of Cattel. And in the Win- ter more Tub jedl to Wind, Clouds, and Rain, than Snow or FroH.
It is an Ifland of great firength, as well by Nature as Art, by rea- fon of its Situation in fuch dangerous Seas , and the feveral Fortifica- tions and Caftks that the Englip have built fince they were Mafters of it.
Its chief Rivers are the fpacious Shannon^ the rolling L?^e, the fan- dy Slany^ the pleafant Boyne, the FiQiy Banne^ fwift ^hridrtffe or BlacJ^ rpater^ fad Troms^ wide Mayre, now Baniry Bay, the Woody Barrotv^ the fpreading Lee, the Baleful Oure, or Shoure. Befides thefe Rivers, there are feveral L,7j^i-,of which Lough Erne is the grctcft, being about 30 miles in length , and 15 in breadth; and this, as all other of its X.jj^x, are well fioied with Fijh».
The
Of Irehnd, 45
The Ifiih have had the Charac^-er of being Religious, ( by which > perhaps, feme uiiderftand Superftitious ) Amorous, Patient of La" hour, Excellent Horfemen, and the meaner fort extremely Barba- rous, till Civilized by the Neighbourhood and intermixture of the E«g/i/^ i yet ftill the wild Irl^ retain feveral of their abfurd and ridi- culous Guftoms, accounting eafe and idlenefs their greateft liberty and riches.
The EccleGafticai Government of Ireland is committed to the care of four Archbijhop , under whom are ip Suffragan- Biihops: The Temporal Government is now by one Supreme Officer, fent over by the King of England, who is called the Lord Lieutenant^ or Lord Deputy oi Ireland-^ who for Majefty, State, and Power, is not inferior to any Viceroy in Europe.
Their Laivs are correfpondent with thofe of England, and they have their feveral CouEts of Juliice j as Chancery^ Common-Pleas^ Kings- Bsnchy Exchequer J Courts of Farliament^ and Justices of the Peace in eve- ry County.
The Commodities of this 7/7^;;^, are, Caml^ Hides, Tallow, Butter, Cheefe, Honey, Wax^ Furs^ Salt, Hemp^ Linnen Cloth, Fipe-jiaves, Wooll, of which they make Cloth, and feveral Manufactures, as Freezes , Kugs , Mantles, ^c. Its Seas yield great plenty of Cod-fifh, Herrings, Pilchers, and other Fi(h ; The.Bowelsof the Earth afford Mines of Lead, Tin, and. Iron*
Of L E 1 N S T E R.
This Province the Natives call Le?g^/«^/^, thcBritains, Lein, thel^- tins, Lagenia j and in the ancient Lives of the Saints, Lagan ; and by the Englijh, Leinfier, This part of Ireland {ox the generality is of a fer- tile foil, affording great plenty of Corn, Gattel, Fowl, and Fidi ; en- joyeth a wholefome and temperate Air i it is well watered with Ri- vers, well furniflied with Towns, and well Inhabited by the Gentry and Commonalty i and divided into thefe Counties, Longford, Weji- Meath, Eaji-Meath, Lough, Dublin, Kildare^ Kings-County, ^eens-Countyy WicJ^lonPf Cater lough^ Kilkenny, and Wexford,
Its chief Places are, Dublin, 'the Metropolitan City of Ireland, by Ptolomy cdWcd Ehlana, by the Latins, Duhlinium, by the Irijh, Balacleigh, It is no lefs plealantly than commodioufly feated on the River Liffis, which after a fmall courfe, emptieth it felf into a capacious Bay, where it hath a good Haven, and a fair Proipect ; and on the South, delight- ful Hills, which with the feveral Parks adjacent, afford great Recrea- tion
45 Of Ireland,
tionto the Gentry. It is a City of great Antiquity, dignified and en- riched with the Refidence of the Lord-Lieutenant, as alfo with the See of an Arch-Bi(hop, with an Univerfity, and the Courts of Judi- cature. It is beautified with many fair Buildings, vTz,. the Lord Lieu- tenant's Palace, a flately Strudure ; the Cathedral Church, nigh unto which is the Archbifliops Palace, both without the City. The Colle- giat-Church, called C^ri/?-CWcJ^, featedin themidft of the City, and dignified with the Priviledges of a Univerfity. The Town-Hall, or 7olej'Tale^ a fair Stone-Building, of a Quadrangle form, where the Lord-Mayor and Sheriffs, Aldermen and other Magiftrates of the Ci- ty, affemble together, for the management and confulting of the Publick Concerns of the City. The Stately Nen> Hofpital^ Defigned and built by the Ingenious ^rc^i^c^ , William Kobinjcn^ Efquire: As alfo the Nejv Fort or Cafllezt Kingfale. A fair Colledge^with feveral other brave Edifices. 'Tis a place of great Trade, well inhabited and fre- quented by Nobility and Gentry, with wealthy Merchants and Shop- keepers. A City of large extent, and yet daily encreafes its Buildings, efpecially its Suburbs, which is fevered from the City by a Wall, which gives Entrance by fix Gates. A City, though not feated in the middle of Ireland^ yet placed diredly oppofite to the Englijh (hore, being twelve hours fail, with a profperous gale of Wind, or twenty Leagues ^[Rznt horn Holy-head^ SLXite advantage for the maintenance of Traf- fick and Commerce with England^ and other parts of the World ; fo that in a word, there is nothing wanting that may ferve to make the State of a City mod magnificent and flouriftiing. Carlingford and Vundall^Oi^nds on a commodious Bay of the fame Names.
Vroghedahj otTndagh^ fituate on the River Boyne^ on the edge of Uljhr^ a fair and populous City, as well by Art as Nature, very ftrong- ly fortified and furnilhed with a large and commodious Haven.
Philipjiomi-, or Kingflomi, is the chief of Kings-Comty j burnt by the Rapperees.
Mary-burrow or ^eenflotvn is the chief of ^zens-County.
Kilkenny^ on the River Netvry^ the chief Seat of the Bilhop, and is alfo honoured with two Noble Seats of the Duke of Ormond, viz. the Call:le of Kilkenny and Vonmore Houfe ; fcituate in a brave and well- inhabited Countrey, a fair and wealthy Borough-Town.
Mol'mgar^ the chief Town of IFeft-Meath. Balimore^ well Fortified by the Ir//7^, but furrendred J^/y lo. i<5pi. Trim is 3. Borough and Market Town, the chief of Eafi-Meath.
Caterlough^ commonly Carlough^ a fine Market Town, having a ftrong Caltle, and the chief of that County, Scituate near the plea-
fant
Of Ireland, 4j
fjnt Navigable River by Boats, from Kq/fe, placed above ^olri/h miles from Dublin, and in a convenient Stage from the greateft part of Mm- fler 2nd Leinfler. Wkkloa? 3it the mouth of the River Letrim^ is the chief of the County Co called.
Roffe, once populous, and well-traded, built by J/'a^e/ the daugh- ter of Richard Strong-Bow f Earl of Pembroke, feated upon a brave Na- vigable River, where Ships of four or five hundred Tun may fafely ride before its Key.
Longford, which gives Name to the County, and Title to the now Earl of Longford,
Lanesborough is a confiderable Pafs over the Shannon. Kildare, a fair Inland Town, well frequented, defended by aCaftle ; a Place much celebrated in the Infancy of the Irijh Church, for its St. Bridget^ a holy Virgin, and Difciple to St. Patrick^
Wexford, feated in the mouth of the River Slany, and drives a great Trade with Brijhl, It hath a fair Pool within a Sandy Bar, lying be- tween it and the Sea, wherein are yearly taken great ftore of Her- rings, to the great advantage of the Place. The River is Navigable by fmall Boats, up to Inijh Cor/fy, about eight miles beyond this Town, where there is a good quantity of Iron made, which is carried down the River, and fo difperfed into feveral parts of Ireland.
Ferns is a Bifhops See. Vuncannon is a confiderable Caftle, command- ing Waterford Haven, where KlngFTiJliam and the Prince of Denmark^ embarqu'd for England,
The chief Rivers in this Province are, i. The Boyne: The Battel at the Boyne in i6po. will as well Eternize the Memory, the Valour, the Condud, theHaiard of HisMajefty King Fr/Z/ww the IIU. as Lament the Death of the Renowned Duke Schonberg, and of the Reverend Dr. Walker. 2. The Barrow, 3. The Liffe or Liffy, 4. The Nuero -. $. ThQSlanyoxVrrin.
In this Province are comprehended pa^Parifhes? whereof 47 are Boroughs 5 that return Parliament-men i 16 Market-Towns; 102- Caftles.
Of the Province of V L S T E R.
By the Latins, Vltonia, or Vlidia ; by the Irijh, Cm Gudy^ by the ~ Welch, Vitro; by the Engli/h, Vlfter,
Iris now -divided into Nine Counties , i,VHmiiigaly or Tyrmmdo .
1 . 1 .nndnti'^ ■■
^8 ^f Ireland,
Londonderry^ Anlrim^ Vorvn^ Ardmagh^ Tyrene^ or 'tyr-Om^ Farmanagh^
Monoghand , and Cavan,
Its chief places are, Vumjgal, a Borough Town, with a good Ha- ven, and commodious Harbour: Kaphoe^ near the Lough Sffilie^ once a City and Biflioprick : BAliihannon hath a good Haven.
Londonderry is the beft built Town of any in ihcNorth of Ireland^ feated in a Teninfulao^ 40 Acres ; on one fide invironed with a River, and on the other fide impaflible, with a deep and Mor'ijh Soil, ftrong- ly fcituated by Nature, and ftronger by Artj very remarkable for its Defence in the Siege, i^Sp, Mr. George Vf^alk^r^ Redor of Donaghmore in Tyrone, Governour, againft'2oocc hi[h^ for 105 days; whom nei- ther the Number nor Rage of the Enemies without, nor thofe more Cruel ones within, Famine and Sicknefs, and the Fatigue of War, could ever make them think of Surrendring.
Czdmore Fcrt, at the Entrance of Laigh Foyle^ is witnefs of the brave Undertaking , and great Succefs of the Mmtjoy of Verry , and the Phoenix of Colraine^ loaden with Provifion for the Relief of Londonderry^ and conveyed by the Dartmouth Frigat, in breaking and palling the Boom^ to the inexprellible Joy and Tranfport of that di- (IrelTed Garifon, when they only reckoned upon tv^o days life.
Colraine, a confiderable place, and once gave name to this County.
St.Patric}(s Purgatory is a Vault or narrow Lane in the ground, of which ftrangeftories are reported by the /ri/^.
/^/7friw gives name to the County, but Carrickjergm ot Knockfergus, is the chief of the County, feated upon a large and capacious Bay, with a fafe and commodious Port, ■.
Belfaji and Lishorn^ or Lifnaganie^ are two thriving Towns. Connor | is a fmall Bifhoprick united to Vomi. Vmluce is a Caftle on the North,- feated on a Rock hanging over the Sea.
Vorvn-Patrick is a Borough Town, and head of the County , a Bi- I (hoprick, famous for the Bones of St. Patrkk^^ St. Bridget^ and St. Co- lumhus. and one of the molt Ancient Towns in Ireland,
Strangford gives name to a large Lough and Bay. Bangor^ Hdsho' roughs Nen?ion^ and KilliUagh^ are Borough-Towns. Dromore is a fmall Bitlioprick. Newry is a Borough and Market-Town. Vwidrum and Ar- ^/j/ are two Sea-Port Towns.
Armagh^ or Ardmagh, is yet an Archbi(hop's See, and the Metropo- litanof Ireland: Here was KingPViUiam firli Proclaimed, in the year i<5po, by the Lord Blany. C bar lemont is 3. Borough, and ftrong For- trefs, very remarkable for many Adtions in the late War. . _
Vumannon
of Ireland, .49
VHngannQhh^^titmt^. the chief Town in the County of ^Z^ff Me. Stra- ^^«e is a Borough-Town. ,;. ,
CajUe Omagh^ 01 Vrumnsaragh^ is a Borough- Town on the R. P^ water. Cloghn is a fmaU Bifhoprick. : |;;,,^n ^i...
Eniskj^uing^ ox Inilhkllling^ is the chief Town in Fermanagh County, and is famous for the Valour of its Inhabitants in the late War; feat- edin anlllind in the middle of the Lake Earn, (which is there divided into tvvo parts J), and guarded with two Forts. Tarmon and Ttthy are two Cadles, BjUsck^at the mouth of the Lake.
Af'W^^/j.zf/ is a Borough-Town, and chief of the County. Glafhlogh and Clonijh are two fmall Towns. Cavan isalfo the head of its County, Belturbet is a Borough-Town. Kilmore a Bidiops See.
The chief Rivers of this Coanty are, i. The Bjtnne^ which paffes through the great Like Ne-tgh' 2. Lmgh Foyle^ which mikes a great Bay or Lake of the Gme Name. As alfo does, 3. Smlly, ^. Lagan Water. 5. Nemy. 6. Po River.
In this Province is one Archbiflioprick, 6 Bifhopricks, 60 Baro- nies, Id. Towns of Trade, 3 4. Towns that return Parliament-men, 30 Caivles, and 2 14 Pariflies.
Of the Province of CO NNAVG HT, ov C on aught y and Conna^h. Lat. Qonucia. ^Conachtia,
This Province, as it is divided into feveral Counties, fo every Coun- ty is feverally commended for its Soil. Clare Ls faid to be a County fo conveniently feated, that either from the Sea or Land, there can be nothing wilhed for more.
Gallotvay is no lefs thankful to the Husbandman, than profitable to the Shepherd.
Mzyo is replenifhed with pleafureand fertility, abundantly rich in Catfcl, and plenty of Honey.
Slego, Cosfting upon the Sea, is noted for feeding and railing of Cattel.
Utrim is fo f ull, of grafs and forage, that it fometimes endangers their Cattel.
2lT/cflfKW?« is plain arid fruitful, feeding many herds of Cattel, and yielding plenty of Corn.
Clare, or Thomond^ gives Title to an Earldom, fometlraes called Iwdmmd, otltvotvowi, gives name to the County. KiUalorv^ or Labiiy IS a Market Town, and Bifnops See. EnisTomi is a Borough three utiles North oiClare. Bmrotty is fortihed with a Cafile,. ,.,'
H \---- Gal-
eo Of Ire/and*
Galktpay, a Bifliops See, and the third City of this Kingdom, for beauty and bigiiefs, feated near the fall of the great Lake or River Corbej in the Weftern Ocean } furrendred to the Englijh, July 22. pi, A noted Empory, and famous for Trade i nigh to this City is the Lough Garble^ about 20 miles in length, and 3 or 4 in breadth; in which are many fmall Ifles.
T«:i/« is an Archbiftiop's See, once a famous City, now decayed. Athenree^ or Ateneth, is a Borough Town. Clonfart liill keepeth the Title of a Bifhops See.
But the Battel of Aghrim will eternize the Valour of the Englifh.
Mayo is reckonM the chief Town of the County, now decayed, once a BiQioprick, now joined to 7uam^ and the Jurifdidion to Kil- Ula, which is a fmall Town and Bifhoprick, near a large Bay. Cafile Bar is a fmall Borough-Town ; in this County is the Lough Malk^of a large extent, and well ftored withFifb.
Slego, in the year 1 552, was but a very poor Town, but 'tis feated on a great Pafs, and moll: convenient thorough-fare of all Comaught, into the Province of Vlfier-, Flanked on the Weft by a Biy of the Sea, which fafely brings to it Ships of good Burthen -, and on the Eaft with a Lake of about 5 miles in length, ftored with brave Sal- mon, Pikes and Trouts; Protcded by aftrong Fort, and the whole Countrey enriched with as good Land as any in Ireland > and Neigh- boured within few miles of the great Lake Earn^ 30 miles in length, and half as broad. Being thus happily fcituate, and accompanied with fo many advantages, willdoubtlefs be of great conrequence.^c(7/2- ry, once a Bilhoprick, now ruined and united to Elphin in Rofcommon,
Letrim is feated in a fertile Soil, near the Lough Alyn on the River Sljannon^ reckoned the chief of the County. Carrkk^ TirumrufrJ is alfo a fmall Borough Town on the River Shannon,
JamesTorvn, a place commodioufly feated for Trade, upon the Ri- ver Shannon, being paiTable by Boats from thence as far as Killaloo^ near- Limerick^-, which is 80 miles or thereabouts, except the neceflity of once unloading by reafon of Atblone- Bridge.
Kofcommon^ which gives name to the County, otherwife poor and mean. /4/Wwe, a Bifhoprick, is a place of great ftrength, and the Key . of Connaught^ on both fides of the River Shannon^ joyned by a ftately Stone Bridges guarded on C(/««j«^k fide with a Caftle, and ftrongly . fortihed with an Earthen Wall, but could not refift the Power and brave Attacks of the Eugli(h. Elphin is a Bilhops See. Tuhh^ is a Bo- rough, and Market-Town. Boyh w\\\ be famous for the Name of the . HonourabJ'^ Kobm Boyle, Efquire, the EngHJh Philofopher.
This-,
Of Ireland, 0
This Province contains 5-2 Baronies i it hath one Archbifbopriek, 6 Bi(hopricks, belides Angchony and Mayo^ united to tuam, 7 Market- Towns i 8 Places of Commerce and Trade •, 1 2 places that return Parliament- men, 24CalUesof old eredion, and ^66 Pari(hes.
It is well watered with Loughs and Rivers, plenty of Fiffi and Fowl 5 and on the Weftern Sea it hath many commodious Bays, Creeks, and Navigable Rivers j but its Air not To pure and clear, as in the other Provinces.
Of the Frovmc€ of M U N S T E R, by the Latins^ Mo- momia, hythelvi^hy Mown, orWown.
It is divided into 5 Counties, ( by feme into 6 ) viz., tipperary, or Holy-Crofs ; Waterford^ Ccnrk^, to which is joined the Ccunty of Vef- mond^ Liwer/c.^, and Ktrry. Thefe Counties are divided into j2 Baronies.
It is large, Mountainous, Woody, and of a different Soil ; the Val- leys garnilhed with Corn Fields, and generally fertile ^ well watered with Rivers and Bays, abounding in Corn, Cattel, Wood, Wool!, and Fi(h,the laft whereof it affords in every place p]enty,but efpecially Her- ring and Cod, near the Promontory of £mj!f^^,that lies between Bantry and Baltimore Bay. The Air mild and temperate, neither too fcorching hot, nor too pinching coldi comprehending, befides many fafe ftati- ons for Ships, 24 Towns of Note and Trade, 66 Caftles of old cre- dion, and 802 Pari(hes.
Tipperary^ once a famons place for Pilgrims, now gives name to the County. Chnwel, in the County of Tipperary, a place of great ftrength and confequence, both for its convenient Icituation upon the River Shour, paffable to it by Boats, 20 miles above Waterford; as alfo for that it is the Place of Judicature for the faid County, lately made Pa- lawie. It is a Market-Town and Borough.
Cajhel ot Cajfely is an Archbiftioprick. T'hurlef is ^ Borough- Town on the River Shure, Camk^ot Carkh^Mac-Griffin^ is a Market Town on the fame River.
The North part of tippcrary beareth the name of Ormond, and is honoured by giving Title to our prefentDuke of Ormond.
Waterford, on the River Sbour^ a well traded Port, a Bifliops See, and the fecond City of Ireland -^ tho feated in one of the moff barren parts, and moff foggy Air, yet is of fafe and commodious Site for Trade; for Ships of thegreateft burthen may fafely fail to, and ride at Anchor before the Key thereof, which is one of the beft in the King's Dominions , and chief of the County.
H 2 . DungaT'
5 2, Of Ireland,
Vmgarvan is a Borough Town,feated on the Sea,well fortified with a Caftle,with a commodiousRoad tor Ships-LZ/woj-e is a BoroughTown on the River "Blachvpater^ once a Bifhops See, but now united to Waterford. Cor\y upon the R. Lee, the principal of that County, and a Bifnops See, well walled, andhtted with a very commodious Hdv^en, confining chiefly of one ftreet in length, inhabited by a civi), wealthy, and indu. ftrious people, generally all EngUfh* It is the Shi re- Town of the largeft,. richeft, and beli inhabited Countrey of any in Ireland, and the only Thoroughfare of all Goods and Commodities fent moft commonly this way out of England. Sept. 2p. i6po. after 3 or 4 brave Affaults by the Englifh^ it furrendred to King WiHiam^ tho the Garifon confifted of 5CC0, who were all made Prifoners of War.
Kjngfah upon the mouth of the River Bany, a commodious Port op- pofite to the Coaftof Spa'uu the only fafe and ready Port in all Ireland for the Er,gU(h Ships and others to vidrual at, or refrcfli themftlvcs, ha- ving a ihong Caftie for its defence j which alfo furrendred to the Englifh, Odob. 17. 16 po.
Toughal upon the Sea, with a fafe Road, and convenient Haven, and is the moll convenient place in all the South Parts of Ireland^ from whence to tranfport Cattd,Sheep,€^c.to any part of the J^eji oiEnglartd, Other places in this County, are KoJ^e^ once of good account, and a Bilhoprick, now united to Corl{,Charkville^ MallOy Brandon-BHdge, Bal- limore, &c. are Borough Towns.
Ltmrkk^, or LoHgh-Meagb^ the Principal of that County, and the fourthinelhmationof all the Kingdom, fcituate inanlflandjCompafTed about with the River Shannon^ by which means well tortiried ; A well frequented Empory, and a Bi(hops See. Diftant from the main Ocean. about 60 miles, yet Ships of good burthen come up clofe to the very Walls ; of a happy fcituation in refped of Traffick and Commerce It is counted two Towns, the Upper, where ftands the Cathedral Church. and Caiile :. The lower fenced with a Wall and Caftie. The.laft Town that furrendred to the Englijh , and compleated the Conqueft of Ire-^ land. Kilmallockis a Borough Town, Pvich and Populous. . Askeaton and; Athdora^XQ. fmall Towns of note.
Dinghy a Borough and Market-Town, is the chief of the County of Kerry \ itis well feated for Navigation, upon a very large Bay of the fame name, the moft Weftern of note in all Ireland. Jrdfeart is a Bo- rough-Town, nigh the Sea, and a l^iftioprick. Irally about 4 miles, from the Sea.
Tp conclude J Thefe four Provinces make up a Kingdom, as beau- tiful and fweet a Countrey as any under Heaycd, ftpred with many*
c K eoodiv
Of Denmark. 5g
goodly Rivers, repleniflied with abundance of all forts of Fi(h, fprink- led with many Brave Iflands and Lakes , adorned with goodly Woods for building of Houfes or Ships \ full of good Forts and Havens ; of a Soil moll: fertile, and the Air mild and temperate i fo that there is no- thing wanting that may ferve to make it a moft magnificent and flou- rifhing Kingdom.
f Denemarck,
^^4 Of Denmark. i
DANIJ, Lat. VENEMARCK, ineolis: DENMARK^ Engl, is a Monarchy which in former times was very formi- dable both to France and England i and though the Englijh for many years have minded no other Intereft in this Country but that of the Baltick^znd North Trade ; yet lince thefe tvvo Crowns are now come to a clofer Union , ir may be worth our while to look back and confider the State of that Monarchy , wherein the Englijh hath io great an Inrerell by the late Marriage of George Piinct oi Venmark^ v/ith the Princefs y^nn.
Concerning the Original of the Dane^ we read not in any of the more ancient Greek^znd Latin Authors, excepting Jornandes and Venan- Uhs Fortunatusy who yet but (lightly mention them. In the French and Englijh Hirtories they are often remembred, firfi in the Reign of 7heo- dorick. King of Jujirafia^ about the year f i <5, under their King Cochlia- riusy foraging upon the Sea-coaftof GW-Ee/^?ci^> flain in their return hy Theodebert, Son toTl^odoricI^ After this in the Reign of C/;^r/ej- the Great, under their Prince Go/ ricwj-, or Godfrey, then warring upon the Obertriti^ the Inhabitants zhoui Rofiock^tejle Kranizio -, and invading Freifland whh a Fleet of 200 Sail', threatning the Neighbouring ^^xcwx with Subjedrion, and much endangering the Empire of the French, if the death oi Godfrey, and the Quarrels about Succellion had not pre- vented.
Afterwards their mention is very frequent and famous during the Race of the French Kings of the Caroline Line, and of the Monarchy of the Englijh Saxons-, with fundry Fleets and Armies unrefiftible, invading France and England,conquenng and fubduingthe Englifh Saxon Nation, and giving the name of Normandy to part oi France ; for by that com- mon Name of Normans, the Danes, as well as the Nortveeis and Swethes were then called. V,
The word Dane^ Saxo Grammaticus Krantzim, and others fabuloufly derived from one Van , a King hereof, about the year of the World 2Sp8. Becanuf from Henen or Venen, lignifying a Cock in the Danifh Language , the Arms of the Alani their Prcngenitors. But how they got thither is very uncertain. Andreus Velleiuj in Camhden , from the Vahi, a people oi Afta , and Mar/^ fignify in § a Border. Ethelwardus from Vonia^ a Town fometimes lince feated herein. Montanus, from Aha ; lignifying water, in regard of the Situation of the Country. The more Judicious fetch their Name from the Bay or Strait of the Sea cal- led by Mela, Sinus Codanus, about which Strait, and in the Iflands ad- jacent, thefe people, fince their iirft being known, have to this day
inhabited.
Of DenmAvk* 55-
mhabited. From this Name hath the Country been called "Denmark^ A Nation famous a long time for Arms, and their many and great Vi- dlories atchieved abroad. Themfclves (never conquered by Foreign Power) Lords fometimes of England and Srvethdand, Yet fuch is the VicilTitude of Kingdoms, that Denmark^ was in the compafs of four years, viz. 1^57^ 5^^ 5P» and i<5<5o, almoft conquered by the Sjvedes, the Hiftory of which Wars are well written by Sir Roger Manky > there you will Hnd the King of Sweden fighting with a wonderful refolution, and continued SuccelTes; the King o{ Vinmarh^'w'iih zn undaunted and indefatigable courage endeavours to check his Career, till by the Me- diation of the Vutch and Unglifh the Treaty of Rofchilt in February 155-8. was concluded, and the two Kings had a friendly Interview; Yet foon after this the War broke out again ^ for the King of Sweden^ upon pretence of nonperformance of Articles, with much fecrefie got before Cofznhagen in Auguft 1 5 j 8. fo that the Fate of Denmark depend- ed upon the Invincible Courage and Condud of King Frederic^ , who defended Copenhagen with a Royal Magnanimity till the death of the King of Sppeden , when was concluded a fecond Peace upon the Bafis of the former Treaty. Not to mention the late Wars wherein thefe two Northern Crowns were again imbrued in blood, where (he^i9n?fc/ej- were overcome frequently in Field-fights, and in SiegeSjNas well as at Sea. They loft iVifmar in Mecklewburg^ and fe- veral places in Schomn. And the Vanes had made, as well as Bran- denburg , brave Acquifitions and Revenges^ had not the French King forced them to a Reftitution.
The Monarchy of Denmark^., as it is now united and incorporated, contains two Kingdoms, Vtnmark, and Norway j to which we may zddGroenland, ZK\di the XdinAs oi If d and ^ Shetland d^ni Ferro. Veti- niar\ is fituate between the Ocean and the Bakkk^ Sea, compofed of a Feninfula^ contiguous to Germany^ a Coaft adjoining to Siveden^ and : of divers llles which are between the Ptninfnla and the Coaft, with fome others further diftant. Containing five more general parts or names of i. Jutlandi 2. The Iftaiids of the Sounds or Sundt. 3. Ha.* land. 4, Schontn. 5. Bleking.
Of Jatia^ or Jmhnd.
TH E Teninfula called Jutland, was once the Cimhria Cherfonefm of ?tol. from thQ Cimbrianr its ancient Inhabitants; who were fol- lowed by the Juitesy Stxons^ and Angles : after thefe came the Vanes^ by whom it. is now poffeflcd , being -divided into two parts, North
56 Of Difitniitrk,
and South r, the South part is divided alfo into two Dukedoms, viz. Viicatus Hdfatia or Hoifleinj and Slefuicenfis Vucatus, or Slefrvick-
Of the Dukedom of Holftein, or Holfatiss Ducatus.
THIS is a Wooddy, low and Marihy Couiitry, and contains the Provinces of P/;/7?«er//ii , Stormaria^ Holfatia., and JFjgria^ pro- perly and ftridtly fo called. Stormaria^ Stgrtnaren^ hath for its chief places Himhmgh^ Mzrionis^ Ptol. tijie Cluver, a free Imperial City, and a Hans'Toivn of great ftrength, as well by Nature as Art, adorned with fair and beautiful Structures, viz. the Council-Houfe, Exchange, and nine Churches ^ a place of great Trade, and well reforted to by Merchants and Factors of feveral Nations. y4nno 1374. this Town was adjudged to belong to the Earls o^ Holfiein, ai-id that determina- tion ratify'd by Charles the Fourth. And 'tis faid that the Hsmhurgtrs took the Oath of Allegiance to Chniikm Earl o( Oldenburg^the firlt King of P. .77U.''/; cf that Houfe, as Earl 0^ H)!jiein\ but fince they live as a free State, and being jealous of their Liberty, or their Guik, they are always in a pofture of Defence, and can upon all occaiions raife 1 500 Citizens well armed, belides their confiant Garifon, and the promifed allidance of the reft of the Hi/z/-Tf;n?;;x. 2. Crempa^ Kretn- pen^ a ftrong and well Fortiried Town, reckoned one of the Keys of the Kingdom. Gluckjtadt^ Ghtcfiadiufn^ which commands the palTage up the Elbe. 6. Pinnenberg^ Pinneberga^ a ftrong place, and of great confequence. 7. Bredenherg^ one of the beft Towns in the Country, remarkable for the ftout refiftance it made againft Walleftein 1628.
Wagria^ IVageren, hath for its chief places Lubeca, Lubeck^^ the Treva of Ptol. tefte Marc. Sunf. & Brktio^ an Imperial Free City, and a Hans- Toopfij and Billiops See, built upon a rifing Hill, on the furamit where- of is placed the Cathedral Church, called St. Maries : befides which, it bath nine others. The Streets are ftraight and fair ; Ms Fortified with a Ditch and double Wall, in circuit about fix miles, and enjoys a good Trade. Hylin tells us there is not a City of Germany which can equa- lize it, either for the Beauty, and uniformity (f the Houfes,- rhe plea- fant Gardens, fair Streets, and delightful Walks without the Walls : leafed upon the River Tr^t^e, which runs through the midftof it about eight Enghjh miles from the Baltick- Guarded at the River's mouth by the Fort 'Travemwid, and is in a ftrid Alliance with the States-General of the United- Provinces, ever fince Anno 1648. The other Towns are Nervjiadt^ Ploen.^ Plona^ upon a Like fortiiied with a Caftle, and belonging to a Prince qf the Houfe oi Holjhin^ called Holfiein Ploen.
Oldenhurgh.
Of 'Denmark, 57
Oldenhor^. Scgehert ^ the Lirim'ms of Vtol. and OldeJIoe. T)itmarjia, Vithmarjen, hath for its chief places Meldrop^ the prime Town of the Province. Lnnden^ & Brttnshunel^ Heide. Holfatia, Holface^ Gallis. Hol- (iein, is the laft member of this Eftate, though giving name to the whole; the chief places in it are Kid^ alias Chilonmmy Seated upon the Bahick^Sea^ a well traded Town, with a large Haven, and flore oi Shipping. 2. Kensborg^ the beft fortified, and Itzehoa on the Ri- ver Stocr.
Adolf h ciSchaumherg in the Year 11 14. (by Lotharius Emperor and Duke oi Saxony ) was made the firft Earl of Holjiein. j4dolph the hft Earl ; of which Hcufe dying without IlTue, the whole Eftate fell to Chri(iiern^ Son of Theodorkk^EzxX o( Oldenberir ^ who being made King oi Denmark^^ prevailed with Fre^mc/;^ the third, Emperor, to have the whole Ertate ereded into a Dukedom, 1474. and by this means uni- ted to the Crown of 'Denn7ark^. the Kings thereof, as Dukes of Hoi' jhin, being counted Princes of the Empire ^ though they neither fend to the Imperial Diets, nor contribute to the publick Taxes, nor ac- knowledge any Subjedion more than Titular : Yet lince this uniting of thefe two Eliates, the Title of Duke oi Holfldn^ and a good pare of the Countrey, was in a manner difmembred from the Crown, and given to Adolph^ Brother of Clmftiern the Third. Afterwards ano- ther part of this Countrey was bellowed upon John^ Younger Bro- ther to FTederickji\\Q Second. So that now the Houfe of Holfhin is di- vided into three principal Branches, whereof the King of VenmarJ^'is the Head, and ftanding Protcdtor of the firft Branch: The other two Branches are that of Holjhin Gottorp, and that of Hol\hm Sunderhurg^ which is divided into four Branches ; fo that the Dukes of Holfiein are now increafed to a great number : of wliich the Duke of Holfidn Gottorp is the moft coniiderable; yet was greater before he loft the King of Dt'wm^rj^ his Brother-in-Law's favour, by engaging too far with the Swedes , whereby he loft to the King his Rights of Sove- reignty over the Dukedom of Slefrvick^^ and has little or nothing there lett belides his Caftle at Gottorp, And in HJfiein his Subjedt are under Contribution , whilft himfelf refides at Hamburg, his .place of refuge.
Slefvsce^Jis Ducatm^ Slefwick or Hertzogthumb^ IncolU.
TH I S is that part of Jutland which lies next to Holjiein^ and was firft ereded a Dukedom by King Eric of Vemnarh^^ who gave it to PFaldemar •, but Male-ilTue failing, it returned to the Crown, and
I was
5B Of Denmark.
W3is by Margaret J Queen of De«w«rj^, Nora>ay, Sind Sweden, conferred upon GetrardEdivl ot Holjiein. Afterwards it fell, together with Hoi- Ihin , to Chriftiern of Oldenbttrg , King of Damark^^ by whom it was with Holjiein Incorporated in that Crown. A Country which once in three or four years the Inhabitants let the Pools overflow the Land, where they catch plenty of Fifh, and the Mud iiiriches the Soil. Its chief Towns are Schlefwyck^^ Skfukum^ & Hddeha., tejie Cranizio ^ an Epifcopal See, and Head of the Dukedom, Seated on the River Sha^ which falls into the Baltkk^Sea ; where it hath a commodious Haven^ 2. Hufum^ Seated on the River EyJfr, Fortified with a Caftle. 3. H;<- ders-kben^ Fortified with the Strong Caftle Hanjberg. 4. Flensber^^ with its commodious and deep Port. Between Flensberg and Slefwich^ is a Country that goes by the name q{ Angelen^ from whence 'England had its firft denomination ever fince King Egbert. 5. The Port of Chriftiera-pries , now Fortified by the Fort Frederick. 6. Gortopy a Strong Fort or Caftle, the Relldence of the Duke of Holjiein, 7. Fre- derick^jiadt upon the Eyder^ built by one of the late Dukes, intending to have fet up a Trade of Silk there: to which purpofc, in the Year 163 $. he fent a fplendid EmbalTy into Mufcovy and Ferfia^ whofe Tra- vels are defcribed by Olearim,
Of North-Juitland.
NOrth'Juitland^ is divided into four Dioceffes , Kipen^ Arihnfen^ Albourg^ and Wibourg,
The Diocefs of Kipen^ contains feven Walled Towns, and ten Ca- bles 5 its chief places are Kipen , an Epifcopal See, Fortified with a Caftle. 2. K'ldingy the place where Toll is paid for the Cattel that paffes that way. 5. Frederick^ Ode^ or Frederica ^ lies in a Scitua- tion of that importance, that Charles Guliavus having taken it in the late Wars i<557. opened himfelf a way to pafs his Army over the Ice into all the Neighbouring Iflands, and to alarm Copenhagen ; an Adtion both bold and unheard of j for he marched his Cavalry and his Car- riages over a great Arm of the Sea, where before a fingle footman was afraid to expofe his life.
The Diocefs of Arthufia, or Arthufen^ contains feven Cities, and fiveCaftles \ its chief places are Arthnfen, a well-frequented Port ; Kalla a Strong place, Hrfens and Kenderen.
The Diocefs of ^e/^<?«rg , jielburgum^ hath for its chief places v^/-* bourgh^ at the mouth of JJmford- Bay. Nicoping , Hirring , IFanJyJfel , ^hyftedj and Scagen^ or the Scarp^ the northermoft part of Jmtland.
The
Of Denmark ^^
The Diocefs of VAbomg hath three Caftles, and three Walled Towns \ the chief is IFthottrg^ where are the Courts of Judicature for all Jutt' iand.
The chid Jflands belonging to Denmar\^ that lie difperfed in the Baltkk^^Ci are^ Zeland^ Fionia ot Funen^ A^fen^ ^rroe or Aria^ Lang- iandf Laland^ Faljhr, Moiie^ Hmr.^ or Wetn-Jflund^ and Bornholm.
Of the Baltick Sea.
TH I S is the Sinus Codanm of the Ancients, otherwife called Sue- vicum Mare^ feu Baltkunu Vie Belth^ or Oofizee , Belgis , La Mar Baltique Gallis, Warczk^vie More, Kujjjs* It hath three feveral paflTages into it from the Ocean, all of them under the command of the King of Denmark^', the fafeft and moft ufual is that famous Strait called the Fretum Sundicum. Le Sund, Gallis. Straet Van Sund^ Batavis. Onfund^ Danis^ The Sound, Anglis^ So great a paffage, that there often fails 200, fometimes 300 Ships through in one day, and is not above four miles over in the narrowed: place. The fecond Paffage or Inlet lies between the Illindsof XelandznA Fumn, and is about 16 miles over, and is called Beltfomid, or the great Belt. The third Paffage is between Fmen and Jutland, not above eight miles over, and is called the leffer Belt, This Sea is faid by Captain Codings to be Frefli Water.
Of Zeland.
Z Eland, of old C&damnia, the greateft Ifland of the Baltick^ Seas, is fcituate near the main Land oiSchonen, from which 'tis feparated by a narrow Strait, about four miles over ; which is called the Sound'. through which all Ships muft pafs that have any Trade or Commerce in thefe Seas, and pay a Toll, or Impolition to the King, according to their bignefs, or Bills of Ladings by which arifeth hss greateft Re- venue i And for the fecurity of this Paffage, there are built two very ftrongCaftles, the one in this Ifle, called Cronenhitrg^ the moft delight- ful Seat in the World, affording a profitable and pleafant Profpefi of all Ships that Sail through the S~-)itnd \ the other in Schonen, or Scan- dia, called Elfenbttrg. In the Reign of Queen Elizabeth out Eafilandr Fleet was by the King of Denmark^ threatned to be funk, in cafe they p^fftd this Saund, or Straits of E//e«o«r; yet they made the Adventure, having only one Man of War, viz. the Minim, and kept their courfe, ( mtugre all oppofition, without any wound received j forwards and back again.
I 2 The
^o Of Denmark,
The chief City of this Iflind , is Haphnia Kiobenhaven , Vinis. Koppenhagen Ger. Kopenhaven Belg. Copenhage Gal. Copenhagen Angl. the Metropolis of the whole Kingdom, fometime the Refidence of the King a Univerfity,Seated near the Sea,with a good Port, and fafe Road for Ships; Fortified with a Strong Cartle, containing one of the Faireft Arfenals in Europe j wherein is a Cektiul Globe llx foot Dia- meter.
Chrifiiern the Fourth having laid the Foundation of a New City in the little liland of Armager^ joined it to the old by a Bridge, and cal- led it by the Name of ChrilHems H^ven-, fo that now it is divided into two parts ; in the New Town is the Royal Caftle, the Mint, the Ex- change, and the Arfenal before- mentioned. This City was taken by Frederick^^ Anno 1522. and in the Year 153^. after a years Siege it was furrcndred to Chriflkm the 3^. The Citizens now enjoy the greateH: priviledge of any City in Europe,
Kofchildia^ Kofcbildt^ is the Burying-place of thGVaiiiJh Kings. E//e- nour.y Elfinoria , is near to the ftrong Caftle and Palace of Cromnhurg^^ the Fortifications whereof was, and is the Key of the Baltkl^Sea., en- larged into the Sea with incredible charge and pains by Fredmckihe 2d, The Surrender of this Caftle to the Swedes by a Stratagem, Si:pt, the 6th, 1(558. was like to have loft Copenhagen ^ and confequently the whole Kingdom.
Frederich^berg is a Fortrefs built in a pleafant Plain, oftentimes the place of the King'^ retirement; but moft famous for that folemn Inter- view and Entertainment that happened between the late Kings of Stve' den and De/;w:?ri^ upon the Conclufion and Ratification of the Kofchil'dt Treaty. Other places are Kallenburg. Rinjiead. Koge. Korfoer is the place where King Charles of Smden landed his Army in his Second Expedition againft Denmark^, Aug. 8. 1658. five Months after the a- forefaid Interview of the two Kings at Fredericksburg, 'Ncjlwood. Wa- ringhurg^ was the firft place where the King of Sweden fet his Foot in Zeland in his firft Expedition. In this Ifland are reckoned 340 Vil- lages.
The Ifland oi Fion'ia or Fmen^ is the affigninent of the Prince of Denmarkj, 'tis feated between Zeland and Jnitland^ feparated from the firft by a narrow paffage called the Bdt ; from the laft by a narrower, called Middle-far-fomd. 'Tis a fertile Soil, and pleafant Scituation.
Its chief place is the well-traded Odenfee^ an Epil<:opal See, for- merly the Seat of the General Affembliesof the Kingdom, now kept at Copenhagen: adorned with two fair Churches, and neat Buildings; near this place Count Guldinlew, the Vice- roy of Norvpay^ was.overtar
Of Defjmarki 6 r
ken in his Coach by Charles King of Sweden in his firft Expedition. Other Towns are MidUfare^ Sivinber^, with feveral other good Towns, four Royal Gaftles, and 254. Villages , belides Gentkmer-s Houfes.
/ilfen is a Tmall Illand belonging io the Dukedom of Slefn:k\. whofe chief place is the CalHe of Sunderherg^^ gi^'i'^'g Name to a Branch of rhe Royal P'amily, the Duke of R>Uidn Sunderberg.
Arroe^ or Aru^ is a Cmall Ill;;nd belonging alfo to the Duke oi Slef- wick'
Liingland^ and Laland^ the firft is the largcft, the other the moft plen- tiful ill Corn and Chefnuts ; whofe chief place is Nask^rv^ a Town well Forrihed.
Faljier is a fmall Tiland fertile in Corn^ its chief place \is Nicopin^ of a pleafant fcituation, cal'ed the Naples of Denmark.
Mom Hie is about twelve miles long, arid fix broad, the chief place is Stek^^ where the Svcedijh Forces found a greater refinance than inany- of the other Iflandsr.
H^enotWeenii remarkable for the obfervations of that famous Adronomer Ty'cho Brabe.
The Illand of Br/jhclmwis granted to theCrovvn of Saredenhyihe late Treaty of Peace i but fince, the Vanes have exchanged it for an equivalent propriety of certain Lands in Schmen.
Crofs we now over the Setmd^ and take notice of the other part of this Kingdom, which lies on rhe Eaft Continent, called Scandia^ under which general Nam.e it contains the whole Kingdom of Norvpay^ the greater part of the Kingdom, of Srveden^ and fome. partof Venmarkz That whrch did belong to Venmarl^y is divided into' three Provinces, Hil'and^ Schonen^ and BUh^re^^ now under the King of Svficden, by the ^i/c.^//f Treaty 5 yet here mentioned, becaufe the places in the Map are more plainly ^ctn^ than in the Map of Sveedcr.
HaVandis a Province for fertility of Soil, fweetnefs of Air, fiore of Fifh, plenty of Leadan 1 Brafs Mines, fcarce inferior io any ; its chief places are Wansbozii^g, Lihclm, H4mjlat^ Fall^nhurg^ and 7'(?rj^)nr.
Schjnenis the pleafantell Countrey in z\\ Denmark:, m.off abundant in fruits, and thoals of Herrings •, its chief places are Lunden, the Mer tropolitan Archbifhoprick of Denmark^^ with its famous Dial^ where the Year, Month, Week, Day and Hour throughout tne Year, as alfo the Motions of the Sun and Moon through each Degree of the ZodiacJ^^- the moveable and fixed Fealis, &c. arediiiindly fcen, being finely a- dorned, and fet forth in variety of delightful Cokurs. Other places are Helfiagoburgum^ or Elfjnborcb. fortified withaninopregnabkCafilej and.
one
■ 6i Of Nortvaj/,
one of the Forts defending the -Sow/^j/over-igalnrt Crmmhur^, Lanfcrooity Corona- ScanU^ Mdmogia^ or Elbogen, 7illhnrg^ VcIJied^ WaUebifrg^ Sitrt' tnerj'haven, aiX)dChri!iiern(iadt, ox Chnlikm-dorp.
Blek^ing is mountainous and barren j its chiefeft places are Cbrijiiano' fie, JhuySy Selborg, Eliholm, Katenbyj and Cards- hazcn^ often mentioned in the late Wars.
Denmark^ hiih been an Hereditary Kingdom ever fince the ytax r5(5o, for before it was Eledive j fo the Nobility do not enjoy thofe Privileges which they did before.
The King ftiles himfelf, Earl of Oldenburg and Velmenherji, as being the Eighth King of that Houfe, to which the Crown of Dermarl^ fell .in the year 1448, by the Eledion of Chrijikrn the hrft j and is to this day in their poflelTion.
The opinion of Luther hath been entertained in VeKmar\cvcT fince the Reign of Frederick^ the rirft, who was Eleded ^ww 1523, fo that there are two Archbilhops, and thirteen Bifiiops for Denmark:
The Forces of this Kingdom may be known by their former, and now late Undertakings againrt the Svpedes j by which it appears, that they can raife a ftrong power at Sea, and maiie good Levies at Land, for defence of their own Pf?^^^/.
The Revenue of this King contifts chiefly in the great Tmpoft laid upon all Ships which pafs through the Sounds which is the Key of the Baltick^i alfo in fome Crown-Lands, a great yearly Toll made of the Cattel ; as alfo of the Fifh tranfported into other Countries.
The T>jnes are generally of good Stature, clear of Comple(^ioii, and healthful ; crafty and provident in their affairs, peremptory in their affertions, and opinionated of their Actions ; Religious, Juft in their Words and Contract's, good Soldiers both at Sea and Land. The Women are fair, difcreet, and courteous, fruitful of Children. The Danijh Ladies love hunting, and more freely entertain at their Tables, than in their Beds, thofe that come to vifitthem.
For great Captains and men of War, it is famous; for Godfrey or Gotricus, who endangered the Empire of France ; for Stveno andCanu- tus, the Conquerors of England. For men of Learning, 7ycho Brahe the Prince of Afironomers, Hemingiusdi Learned Divine, Bertholinus a Phy/i- eian and Philofopher, John Cleverius the Hiftorian and Geographer.
(f
I
Of Norway. 6^
Of the Kingdom of NORWAY.
NOrvegia.Lat.Neri^of Vlin, Nortvay./^rgl contains the Weftern partof the Peninfula of Scandinavia, t}..: Eaftern part being part o'i Swede land^ A long ridge of mountains making the feparation, leaving Nor- way toward the Ocean^ and Swedeland toward the BaltichJ^&z. From hence are tranfported Train-Oyl^ Fitch, Stockrfijh, Maftj for Ships, Veal boards. The Coaft of Norway, tho of a large extent, has few good Por/x, by reafonof the fmall Ifands and Kock^ that inviron it, and the Gulf of Maeljiroom which fwallows and endangers ail the Ships that come nigh it. Herhinim tells us, that this Northern Charyhdis or Vorago, by the Inhabitants Moskeflroom, is forty miles in extent. Kir- c^fr faith 'tis thirteen miles in Circumference \ that it hath a motion afcending and defcending, fix hours, by fucking in waters, and as many throwing them forth again. That part which lyes toward the Pole, is full of Forefts and Mountains, wherein there are fome few Mines of Copper and Iron. In the year 1^4^, was difcovered near Opjlcw or Anp, a Mine of very good Gold, which gave the Inhabi- tants occafion to fay, that they had got the Northern Indies. But that Boaiiendured no longer than the Mine, which prefently vanilhed for fear of being rifled.
Opflo., JnJIoye Gallis, the Afijloga of old, it was burnt down in the time of Chrijfiern the Fourth King oiVenmarh,^ and fince called Clyriftia- na ; Ms a Bifiiop s See. Aggerhad is a Caftle near to it, full North from. Scagen^ the moft Northern point of Jutland. St a f anger \s d.St^-T own ^ with a good Port, near which is the Fort Voeswich. There is the Herb OJfifraga of Norway, which fnaps the bones of Cattel that tread upon it. Eaft of Drowikiw lies the Countrey of Jemperland, formerly partof- Norway, but was by the Treaty of Bromshroo, Anno i^45> yielded to the Swedes, to whom it is ftill fubjed^.
This Kingdom has five Governments, with as many Gaftles, B^«/, Aggerhm, Bergen-hus, Vrontheni'hus , and IVard-hus. Thar of Bahus^ with a Cadle of the fame name upon a Rock, was delivered to the Swedes by the Treaty oiKofchilt 5 Berghen is the better City, the Scat of the Viceroy, with a new Fort called Fredericksburg ; and a Port into which Velkls have an eafier entrance, and where they are fafefrom the Winds, by reafon of the high Mountains which inviron it : The Mer- chants of the Hans-Towns have there a Houfe and a Magazine. Vron- thm, in Latin Nidrofta, the Court of the ancient Kings of Norn^ay, is
very/
-^4 ^f Norway,
very much fallen to c^ecay, yet it ftill retains the Title of an Archbi- (hoprick, and the Pvemahis of one of the taireiVand inoft magnificent Churches of the North: Ships ride fafe in the Harbour, but they muft have very good Pilots to carry them in. Here the People make a kind of Bread of Barly-meal, and Oats, which they bake between twa hoUuw Flint-lionc?, which Pread keeps thirty or forty ycars.The AV- wfguwj are little fubjedtroficknefs, and ot (uch a Gc;nliitution, that vi?hen they are in a Fever, one llice of Bacon does them more good than a poached Egg ; Their great inclination to Sorcery, makes them have the reputation of Selling the Win-is to the Seimen.
Finmark^, v»hich makes part of Lapland, advances into t'ne Frigid :.2'«e, fo that day or night continues alternately forfeveral Months to- gether. The liihabitantscluim nothing of Property, but take the firti place that pleafss them, hereto day, in another place to morrow. They live upon Fijfj, iiid hhtntmg^ and only pay an acknowledgment of cer- tain SKins totheKingof I-tvzwizr/^, and carry their Fifli to Berghen.ThQ CalUeof IVardbiis, with a Borough of 300 Houfes, the moll Nor- thernly of the whole Continent, is in the middle of a little Ifiand, where it fervesonly to force the payment of certain duties fromthofe that Traflkk to Arc})- Angd in Mcfcozy. The Haven is in the Weilern part of the Ifiand, which is feparated from the Land by an arm of the Sea, about a Quarter of a League broad, through which the Ships make Sail, and the places adjoiniPig are not fo fubjed to the Ice, as other parts of the (ame Sea.
.As for the Korwcgians-^ we have not read of them in any ancient Au- thor ; bbth Nimeand Countiey fecm more lately to have been given from their Northern Scltuation, uniting with the Vanes and Sn-edej -, they were better known in the time of the French Empire, by the name of Nornnns i under which appellation in the time of Charles the Stm- 'pie, they got the Province of Normandy conferred on RoHo^ the Hril puke. thereof, yir.no p 12 ■, afterwards fetling in their own Countrey, they were called AVn-fgiaffj, from their Northern Scituation ■■, Govern- ed by theli own Kings til! their hnal Subjugation by the Dj//ej-,which was by means of the Marriage of Fliqiiin the laft Pnnce of Norway^ unto Margaret Queen of Denrnzrh^^ Norway ^ 3ii\d Sweden^ a fecond Se- miramis in the Hilfory of thofe times -, who having once got footing in Nrway^ fo alfured themfelves of it, that they have ever (ince poi- fe,lTed it as a Tributary Kingdom, fo that now Norxvay and Denmark^ are both fellow Subje6i:s under the fame King.
The Comm.odities that thefe Kingdoms afford, are F//7^, Hides^Tal- lorPf Pitch, Tar.^ Cordage^ Ma(tSi Firr Boards^ Wainfc>. t.^ &c.
J£L
m-rr-mn-T^-nsr-lm-m iiiiw iiwi imi liiw ton wi WM m
Sweden 1 . ^"^^5:^-^^.
TH E Monarchy of Smvonia, or iS'r^w^^ JL^/. Sweden Incolity Suede Gal, Suetia Ital, by the Poles, Szn^ecya, and Szn^edzh^- Zimia^ is the tnoft ancient in Europe if it be true, that it has had above a hun- dred and fifty iC/wg/j and that thefirft among them was the Son of Japhet, one of the Sons of Noah. Perhaps for this reafon it was, that at the Council of Bitjtl a Swedifh Bifliop had the confidence to demand
K of
66 Of SrvedehnL
of the Prefidlents the precedency before all the Bifhops of Chrijiendom. Some Hiftorians begin to reckon the Kings of Sweden from Jermankus ; and demonftrate to us, that the Kingdom was Eledive till the Reign of Guliavus de Vafa^ or Ericus^ who made it Hereditary to his Family in the year 154.4 j and at the fame time put down the Roman- Catholic}^ Religion, to embrace the Lutheran Doiktme \ under this pretence of Religion, Charles the Ninth of Sudcrmania^ deprived his Nephew Si- gifmimd of his Crown, who had been the i^tb Ele(9tive King of Fo- land^oi tnatName. In the Reign of the Emperor C/:?<2r/e/ the Great, we rind them to have been a Free State, different from that of the Danesy entertaining then Harioldus and Ragenfridm^ Kings of that Na- tion, driven out by the Sons of Goter'mis. In the Reign of Srveno the Firrt, and Camniis the Great, they werefubjedtotheP^w/.ByQueen Murg<3/£'* about the year 1387, they w;re again fubdued to iheVam/h yoke ; after long Wars, fundry defcdions and recoveries, not fully delivered until the year 1525, freed by G«f?^7;«j- aforefaid , and ever fince commanded by Princes of their own Nation. The ancient Inha- bitants of this Nation are fuppofed to be the Suiones^ or Sitones ot 'ta- citur. Inhabiting the greater Scandia of ?tol» by Aimon'ms called the Sueones^ in his 48^^. and loijf. Chap, h) Jornandes de Rebus Getkisjihe Suethki^ at this day by long corruption the Sueci^ giving name to the Countrey now called Suetia^ or Suedeland, extended for a great fpace of Land betwixt the Balttck^dnid the Frozen Seas.
The King of SwedelandMcs hirafelf King of the Svpedes^ Goths ^ Van- dals-i Great Prince of Finland^ Duke of Ejionia and Carelia^ Lord of. Ingna \ and bears in his Arms three Crowns. The prefent King is Charles the Eleventh, of the Family of the Palatine oiDeux Fonts.Thc Goths and Vandals ztt famous in Hiftory for their Conquefts i So have the Swedes been in the lart Age, through the Valour of their late Kings, and the Conquefts they have made upon their Neighbours, which had made them almoft Matters of thtBaltkh^
The Peace at Biomsbroontzt Chri(lianoplej Anno 1^45, obliged the King of Denmark to reftore Jempterland and HcrendaJl to the Swedes^znd to furrender him the Iflands of Gotland and Oefel to perpetuity, with the Province of Halland for thirty years.
The Peace of Rosk^l near Copenhagen, i<^58, furrendred Halland wholly to the Swedes, together with Schonen, Blekjng, aad the Ifland of Bornholm, ( which afterwards returned to the Vanes by exchange of other Lands ) the Fortrefs of Bahus, and the Bailywick of Dronthem,
The Peace at Copenhagen i<56o, confirmsthe Treaty of Rwj^/,except for the Bailywick of Dronthem j and acquires the Ifland of JFeen>
The.'.
of SrvedeUnd, 6y
The AcquifitioRS of the Sveededom the Empire by the Peace ofMun- jier^ were the Dutchy of Loader Pomerania, and in the Vpper-Stetin^ GartZy Dam and Golnau^ the liland and Principality of Kugen^ the Ifles and ^ Mouths oWder ; the Dukedoms of Bremm and Ferden ; The City Sig- fiiore, and part of Wifmar^ Wildhufen in Weftphalta^ the priviledge to at- tempt the relt of Pomeranian and the new Marquifate of Brandenburgh.
The Treaty of Oliva near Dantzich^^ i5do, wasfo advantageous to this Kingdom, that the King of Poland there utterly renounced the Ti- tle of King of Sivedeland for the future j and confented that Livonia from thenceforth (hould be Hereditary to the Crown of Sweden. This was intended of Livonia upon the North of the River Duna, where only Vunemburgh was refcrv'd to the Crown of Poland^ according to the Truce made at Stumfdorf for 26 years, Anno 1^3 5.
The Peace with Mufcovy reftord to Sweden all that the Grand Duke had taken in Livonia,
The King of Sweden pretends to the Succeilionof Cleves and Juliers^t by Title from his Great Grand-father, John Duke of VeuxPonts:^ who Married Magdalene the thirteenth Sifter to Duke John-Wi^iam,
In the Eftates of this Kingdom, theCountrey-men make a Corpo- ration, or Body, as well as the other Orders.
Sweddand contains that part of Scandinavia.^ which is the beft,as ly- ing toward the Eali. The cold Weather is there very long, and fome- times very bitter \ however the Inhabitants do not fo much make ufe of Furs, as they do in Germany j they only wear Night-Caps, Wollen- Gloves, Juft-a-corps, and make great Fires of Wood, with which they are well ftored.
There are fo few Sick People among them,that Phyficiani and Apothe- caries have little or no Pra<5tice. The Inhabitants are equally Rich, and their greateft Revenue confifts in Copper .^ whence the moft part of the Europeans fetch it, to make their fmall Money, their Cannon, and their Bells. The City of <y*oc)^&o/^« alone has in the Caftle above 800 Pieces of Great Artillery \ and it is believed, that in all the Kingdom, there are above 80000. Upon review of the Militia made i<56i, fourfcore thoufand men were Muftered in Arms.
This Countrey being fo full of Mountains and Woods, afford very little Corn ; fothat in times of Scarcity, the Poor are forced to eat very bad Bread. The Commodities of the Countrey, befides Copper.^ are Butter., TaIIon> ^ Hides ^ Skjns, Pitchy Kofin, "timber ^ and Boards. The Cities are very fubjed: to Fire, in regard the Houfcs are all built of Wood. The Lakes and Gulfs are more confidcrable than the Rivers : Nor is there anyTrade,but upon the Coafts,where there is no venturing
K 2 without
58 Of SmdeidnL
without a Pilot , becaufe of the great number of Rocks. The let there is fo thick, that Waggons go fafely upon it. In other places, . the Snow aflfords them the Conveniency of Travelling in Sledges. The Horfes are fit for War ^ for, befides that they are eafily kept, and rarely fick , they are well ufed to the Road ; they carry their Rider fwimming, they readily take wide Ditches, they are Couragious and Nimble -, and will aflail the Enemy of their Rider with their Heels and Teeth h-'ih together.
Under tne Name of Sweden are comprehended the Countries of Go- thhy Sueci'j^ propria, Bothnia^ Lapponia^ Suecica Finlandia^ Ingria^ and Livonia : wherein is contained 35 Provinces ( befides the Acquifitions aforefaid) wherein Sertius reckoneth 1400 Parifties : The two firft toward the Weft, and the three laft toward the Eafl:; theGulf of F?«- land between them both.
Gothia, or Gothland^ whether fo called from the Goths., or falfly af- fedring that more glorious Name, cannot well be known > is divided into Ojlro-Gothland^ and Weftro- Gothland \ And thofe that conquered Spain were called Vifigoths.
Chief places in Ojirogoth or Eaft-Gothland^ are Catmaria. Calmar in Smalandia is a flrong City, and commodious Port 5 the place where the Stvedes ufually fet Sail for Germany and Denmark^: The Cittadel there is as highly efteemed in thefe Northern parts, as that of Miliain in the South. Norcopia^ Norcoping^ is full of Copper-Forges, which af- fords Cannon to moft of the Europeans. Linkoping a Biftiops See, where Olaus Magnus was born, is remarkable for the Vidory of Charles of Sudermania^y afterwards King of Sweden, Wadfiein feated on the Lake Veter-Wejiermck^ as commodioufly on the Baltic}^ Sea : To thefe we may add Borkjjolm upon the Ifland Oeland -, and fFisby upon the liland Gothland.
Wefl-Gothland is divided into three parts-, ift, Weftrogoth^ whofe chief places are Gatheburgum^ Gothehorg^fix Gotemhorg, where King Charles the IXth died ; it is a New Town and Port upon the mouth of the Wenar Lake 5 Scara is a Bilhoprick. 2dly, Valia^ whofe chief Town is Valehorg^ a fair Town well fortified with a ftrong Caftle. 3dly, Ver- melandia, whofe chief place is Carolfiade upon the North part of the We- nar Lake, is noted for its abundance of Brafs. Halland, Sconen^ and Bleking we have already treated of in Venmarkc
Sueonia^ Suecia propria, or Svpedeland^ communicates its Name to the other Provinces of this Kingdom j which is divided into 10 parts or Provinces, viz. Upland, in which Stochjpolm, or Holmia, is the Capital City, accommodated with a Royal Caftle, and a Sea-Port at the
Mouthi 1
Of SwedeUnd, 6g
Mouth of the Lake Meier, which they formerly had a Defign to have cut into the Wener-Lzke, to have joined the Baltick^^nd the Ocean toge- ther, fo to fpoil the Paffage of the Sound. This JVener-L'Sikc is faid to receive 24 Rivers, and disburthen it felf at one mouth with fuch noife and fury, that it is called the VeviV s-mouth. This City is far better furnifti'd, than it was before the War with Germany. In the Year 1 54 1. they began to ilreighten the Streets, and build their Houfes Uniform. The Harbour is very Secure, fo that a Ship may ride there without an Anchor 5 but the Tower IVaxholme on the one fide, and Vigna on the other tide, do fo command the Entrance, that no Ships can come in, or K,o out againft the Governour's will, who keeps Guard there. It has three Channels, v;hich carry the VcfTels between certain Iflands and Rock«. The King's Ships lie at Elfenape : Vpfala Vpfal, Defend- ed by a great Cattle 5 there is the Metropolitan Church , where the Kings are ufually Crowned , and where formerly they kept their - Courts. The City is adorned with an Univerfity, and the moft Re- markable M; rts in all thofe Quarters. The Cathedral has been a Stately Building, as they fay, hn'd, or, as it were, Wainfcoted with- in with Gold, and cove) ed with Copper. The 2d Province is Snder' mania , whofe chief Town is Nicoping , a Maritine Town of good Strength, and Strengms a Bifliop's See. 3d is Nericia, whofe Chief Town is Orebro. 4th is Wejhnania , Chief Town is Arofia, now IVe- (ieruf h rich in Silver Mines. 5th, Gefirida, Chief Town is Gevalia. 6th, Dalecarlia, Chief Town is I^m towards Nbra?^?);. 7th, Helfmgia, Chid Town Hi{dnpk\srvald^ Seated on the Sinus Bothnicm. 8th, Me- delpadia, Q\)id Town Selangar. pth, Jempiia, whofe Chief Town is Aas, lOth, Angermania, Chief Town is Hemo/rfn^ on the Gulf.
Bothnia is twofold, viz. l. Occidentalism 2dly, Cajania^ or Bothnia Orien- talisyis divided into five parts or Countries, viz. Kimiy^ornia^Lwla^Fitha and Vma, on the North and Weft. Then Cajenberg, Oulo and Maffa or Mujiafar on the Eaft of the Bothnian Gulf 5 in the midft of whofe Entrance lieth a great number of lilands, the chief of which is Alandia^
Laponia Suecica^ or Lapland^ which belongs to the King of Srveden^ has only certain Habitations that bear the Names of their Rivers. The Laponers are very fmall, the talleft not being above four foot high; ne- verthelefs, formerly Six hundred of them put to the Rout above an Hundred thoufand Mofcovites that came to Invade them. They wear no other Habit but Skins i and when they are Young, they fo inure themfelves to the Cold, that afterwards they cafily endure it, without any Clothes. They have neither Woollen nor Linnen ; only they have pieces of Copper, which they call ChipponSy which they exchange
JO Of Swede la^d,
for Neceflaries. They have neither Bread, nor Corn, nor Fruit, nor Herbs, nor Wine, nor Cattel, nor Butter, nor Eggs, nor Milk, nor other Supports of life. But they have no want of Water : And they have a kind of Wild Deer, which are very fwift, the Flefn whereof" they live upon. There is a fecond part of Laponia in Denmarh^^ and a third in Mtifcovy. The Mount Enarahi has three Apartments of Lodg- ing for the Deputies of the three Nations.
Finnonhfeu Finnia, Finland is a Dutchy, which fome Kings of Stvedc land were wont to Affign for their Brother's Portion. It is divided in- to fix parts or Divifions, ift, Savolax, whofe chief places are Ny/Ijt and Kexholm^ taken by Pontus de laGarde^ upon the Lake Ladoga. 2dly, Ta- vafha, whofe chief places zxc'tavailius ^ or Cronebnrg. ^dly, Northr Findland^ whofe chief place is Biornborgh. 4th, South-Findlantd, Chief Town is /bo^ a Biftiop's See, at the mouth of the River Aimjo}^. 5th, Ntland^ whofe chief place is Borgo ., a place of good Strength. 6i\\^Carelia,vi\\Qk chief place is iryborgh^ox Viburgh^z chargeable For trefs.
Ingria^ vulgo Ingerland^ by the Rufians^ Ifera, was^faken from the Mufcovitei by a Treaty in the Year i6ij. It is but Imall, but confi- derable for the Chace of Elkes, and for the Scituation of the ftrong Fort oi Noteburg^ in the midrt of a great River at the Mouth of the Lake Ladoga. Caraldorod by the Ru^es, This Garifon was taken by the Sppedesj all the Soldiers within being dellroyed by a Diftemper that took them in the mouth, and hindred them from eating. Other places are Irvanogorod and Coporia.
The Mountains that part Norway and Sweden^ are by Ortelius called the VoffriniMontes ^SevoMontes oi?lin.zcco\xr\tQ,^ 3 00 miles in length,andnovv in various places have diversNameSjnot much material here to mention.
The Commodities of this Country are Copper^ Lead, Brafs and Iron, Ox-Hides, Goats and Bitck^sk/ns, "Tallow, Furs, Honey, Allom and Corn.
The Inhabitants naturally ftrong, adive and ftout Soldiers ; indu- ftrious, laborious, ingenious and courteous to Strangers. The Wo- men difcreet and mod eft.
The Chriftian Faith was Hrft planted here by Auflgarius Archbifhop of Bremen^ the general Apoftle of the North.
The Forces o( S^i den are very powerful, behig able to put to Sea more than 100 Sail of Ships, and hito the Field forty or hfty thou- fand of Horfe and Foot.
And for deciding of Controverfies, &c. every Territory hath its Vifcount, every Province its Lamen, every Parifh its LanM-man , or Conful ; and there lieth an Appeal from the Conful to the Lay-men, and from the Lay-men to the Vifcount, and from the Vifcount to the King, who alone decideth the fame. Tc/fe Sanfon. Livonia^
Of Swede land* 7 1
Livonia^ Germ, or Lijlandt, is divided into two parts, viz, Eftboniat ©r Eften on the North, and Litlandia^ Leithland, or Letten on the South, was entirely Surrendred hy the Pol under ^ except Vmemberg : Formerly the Order of Carry-Stvord Knights refided there ■-, but in the time oi Gregory the Ninth, that Order was united to the teutonic}^ Af- terwards the Polanders and Mufcovites enjoyed it. Kiga is the Capital City of Livonia : The Germans^ Englifh and Hjllanders there drive a great Trade in the Summer, while the Sea is open : In the Win- ter the Natives Trade into Uufcovy upon their Sledges. It (lands upon a Plain, u^on the River Vuna, which in that place is about a quarter of a League over. The Fortifications thereof confift of Six Regular Bartions, feveral Half- moons, and Pallifadu'd Counter fcarps.
In the Year 1655. an Army of an hundred thoufand Mufcovites came to catch cold before this City, which valiantly repulfed them. Pernavia^Pernarv is a well fortified place : And Verpt, in Latin Tupatum, feituate on the Beck,'^ taken by J. BaftUus the Great Duke of Mufcovy, as was al(b Felin^ a ftrong Town. Vmaboug, an Impregnable For- trefs, eight miles from Kiga ^ well Garifoned by the Voles. Kevelia Revels direds the Trade from Livonia into Mufcovy : 'Tis a Bilhop's See, and a well Traded.Port. Nerva is a ftrong place, from whence the Neighbouring River derives its Name, where the Brave Pontm de la Gardu was Drown'd. By the laft Treaties between the Crowns of Sweden and Poland, the Exercife of the P/oteftant as well as the Ca-. tholick Religion is permitted in Livonia^ as alfo in Curland and PruJJia.
The Ifland of Gothland is the biggeft in the Baltick^Sea, for therein there are five or fix Ports belonging to the Stvede: In feveral of the Rocks there ftill remain the Ancient Go?^/ci^Charaders. And the City of IFisby ftill preferves certain pieces of Marble, and Houfes that have Gates of Iron or Brafs, Gilded or Silver'd over, which teftify the great Antiquity of the place. This City tirft Ellablifhed the Law for Navi- gation in the Baltick, and began the Sea-cards. Other Iflands are Dagho and Oefel upon the Coaft of Livonia, belonging to the Swedes,
The chief Rivers in all this Trad are i. Mekr^ 2. Velacarle, 3. Anger- mania, 4. Vma, 5. Lula, & 6. torna. The principal Lakes arc Lado-- ga, or Ladeskp Ozero.
Meier takes its Coaft from Weft to Eaft j the Wener frona Eaft to Weft 5 the Veter from North to South, through the River Motala,
Archbiftiopricks 3. Bifliopricks 15. Univerfities 2.
a Gulphs, I. Sinus Bothnim, Bothnzee, IncolisGolfe deBoddesGal' lis. 2. Sujus Finnicus Finnichzee Incolls Golfe, de Finnes Gallis.
Of
72
MOSCOVIA & MOSCHOVIA, ot KV S S I A ALB A RVSSIA MAGNA Lat. LA. RVSSIE BLANCHE Gal. RVSLANVr Ger. MO S KARA by the Poles ; by the Turl^s RVSS.
MOSCO VIE
or
RV5SIE
MVSCOVT is properly but the name of a Province fo called, of which MofcoTP is the chief City, which hath comrriunicated its Name to all the Provinces under the Dominion of the Grand Czar,
ox
Of Mufcovy, &c, 71
or 'tzaf. This Country is a part of the European Sarmatia^ or Scythia » called alfo Kufia Alha^ or the Great Ruffia^ whofe ancient Inhabitants were the Rhuteni^ or the Koxolani of Ptol, the Rr]/?, of Cedren. The Baflern£ Tacit. te(ie Willich. From thence fome think it called Kujfiky others tell us Miscalled ^«j7?j from the colour of the Snow which co- lours the Fields for almoft three Quarters of a year. 'Tis the vafleft Country in Europe : A Territory fo large, that were it Peopled anfwe- rable to fome other parts of the World, would either make it too great for one Prince, or that Prince too powerful for his Neighbours ; But the Eaftern parts thereof are vexed with the Afiatk^lartars., who, like Mfop*s Do^^ will neither dwell there, nor fuffer the Mifcoiitcs. The I Weftern parts almoft as much harafled by the Swedes and Foles : The Sduthern by the TttrJ^ and Eurcpe:m Tartars; and the Northern pinch- ed by the coldncfs of the Air : This excefs of cold in the Air was fo vehement, that in the Year 1598. of 70000 Turks that made an In- rodeinto Mufcovy^ 400CO were frozen to death ; and water thrown ; up into the Air, will turn to Ice before it falls to the Ground : Nor is it an extraordinary thing for the Inhabitants to have their Nofes, Ears and Feet frozen offs fuch is their Winter. Nor is their Summer lefs miraculous ; for the heaps of frozen Snow, which covered the Surface of the Country, at the firft approach of the Sun, are fuddenly diflbl- ved,the Waters dried up,the Earth drelTed in her gaudy Apparel j fuch a mature growth of Fruits, fuch flourifhing of Herbs, fuch chirping of Birds, as if there were a perpetual Spring: And though they Sow but in Jme^ yet the Heats of July and Auguji ftrangely quicken their Harveft. ; The whole Country generally is overfpread with Woods and Lah^s : 1 and is in a manner a continual Foreft, irrigated by fever al Lakes and [ Rivers. Here grow the goodlieft and talleft iVfc/ in the World, afford- ing flielter to multitudes of Cattel and IFild Beajis^ whofe Skins are better than their Bodies-, and here is the inexhauftible Fountain of /ir(2:)c and Honey^ as likewife all kinds of Fon>ly and fmall Birds in great plen- ty ; moft forts of F#, excellent Fruits and Roots : cfpecially Onions and Garlick : Here is the Corn of Rhezm and Volodomira^ the Hides and Leather of Jerouflau^ the Wax and Honey of FUfov:;^ the Tallow oflVblogda^ the Oyl and Cavayer about Folga^ the Linnen and Hemp L-of great Novogrodt^ the Pitch and Rofin o^V^ivinez, the Salt oi Ajira- can and Roftof^ the Ermins and Sables, and black Foxes Furs of Sibe- ria^ where the Hunters have the Art to hit only the Nofe^of the Beajts, preferving their Skins whole and clean.
L The
74 ^/ Mufcovy, Sec.
The Mufcovites are naturally ingenious enough, yet not addided to Arts ox Sciences', ibey do not trouble themfelves with the height of the Heavens, or the magnitude of the Earth ■-, they amufe not them- Telves with Syllogirms, nor wrangle whether Logick be an Art or Science. And the plainnefs and paucity of their Laws makes Attornies and Sollicitors as ufelefs there as Philofophers. Nor are they much addided to Traffick and Husbandry, being naturally lazy, it mull: be force or neceliity that compels them to labour, Drunkennefs is very familiar with ihem , and Aqua-vita or Tobacco, like the Liquor of Circe, turns them into Swine. They are great Lyars, treacherous, craf- ty, malicious and revengeful, quarrelfome, though the heighth of their fury is fucking i their Houfes mean and ill-furni(hed, their Lodging is hard, and their Diet homely; born to flavery, and brought up in hardfliip.
They are for the moft part fat and corpulent, ftrong of Body, and of good proportion, only great Bellies, and great Beards are in fa(hion ; and the Women, though indifferent handfome, yet make ufe of Paint. They are much retired , and feldom in publick ; very refpedful to their Husbands , who look upon them as a necefTary evil, beat them often, and treat them as Slaves.
They only teach their Children to write and read ; which fufEces them, though they prefume to be Dodlors. They take for their Sir- name, the proper name of their Father. They write upon Rolls of Paper, cut into long fcrowles, and glu'd (for 25 or 30 Ells) toge- ther ; They wear long R.obes, under which they have clofe Coats down to their knees, but they tye their Girdles under their Bellies ; they make their Collations with fpic'd Bread, Aqua-vit£, and Hydra- mel, that is. Water and Honey mixt.
There are two things remarkable amongft the Mnfcovites j one is, That they begin the day at the riling of the Sun, and end k at the Sun-fetting, fo that their Night begins at the Sun's-fetting, and ends at its riling. The other is. They begin their year the firft day of September, allowing no other Epocha than from the Creation of the World, which they think to be in Autumn , and they reckon 5508 years from the Creation of the World to the Nativity of our Saviour, whereas moft of our Chronologers account but 3p<5p.
As for their Armies, they generally confift of a i coooo or 2 ocooo, but then you murt count the Beails. Botis Frederowitz, Grand Duke of Mofcovy-, toward the beginning of this Age, appeared with an Army of 300C00 Men. Ahxis Michaelorpitz after the defeat of Stephen Rad^ zin^ had an Army no lefs numerous, when the difpute was about Hop- ping
Of Mufcovy^ S{C. 7^
ping the Tur}^ progrefs into Poland. Infanfry is better efteemcc] by them than Cavalry^ being more able to (wQizm a Siege, and patiently to endure all in:iaginable hardships, rather than yield ; as they did in our times at the Caiile of Vtlna^ and \n the Fortrefs of Notchottrg. As to the forming a Siege, the Mufanites underftand little, as they made appear before Smolaukj 1^33. before Riga 1655. and before Jzac 1673, Their Forts are generally of Wood or Earth, upon the wind- ings of Pavers^ or elfe in Lakes. The chiefeft ftrength of the King- dom conliils in Foreign Forces, to whom they give good allowances in time of War. The Prince bears the Title of Grand Vuke^ he boaits himlelf defcended from Jugujius ^ and friles himfelf GrjWdj^ Cz^r, or 7'zaar, that is to fay, C£zar. The habits v^hich he is faid to wear, make him look like a Pricjl : they that treat with his AmbafTadors have the greateft trouble in the World to give him his Tides, becaufe of their fo extraordinary preienfions. In the Year r<^54. to the end he might make War in Poland^ and uphold the Cojfach^ ; the Great Vu}^. pretended, thatfomeof the Polijh Lords had not given him his due Ti- tles 5 and that they had printed Books in Poland in derogation of his Ho- nour. One of his Predeceffors was fo cruel, that he caus'd the Hat of a French AmbalTadour to be nailed to his head, becaufe he relus'd to be uncovered in his prefence. He commands abfolutely, and the Mtifcovites call themielves his Slaves ; and he calls them in contempt by a diminutive name, Jammot Pierrot, His Will is a Law to his Sub- jeds, who hold it for an undeniable truth, That the Will of God, and the Great Vitks-, are immutable. His Treafure is very large, for he heaps up all the Gold and Silver he can lay his hands on, in his Ca- files ofViolikzenSind Vologda^ and never makes his Prcfents or his Pay- ments but in Skins, or in Fijh^ or elfe in fome few Hides, or Pieces of Cloth of Gold. Thus liveth and reigneth this Kttfian Monarch, in the reputation of his own Subjeds, one of the greatefi Sharers in the adventure of the World's Happinefs,
The Fveligion of the Mnfcovites differs little from that of the Greeks : For they follow their Faith, their Rites, and their Ceremonies. The principal part of their Devotions, after rbey are baptized, conlifts in the Invocation of their Saints, for every Houfe hith its Saint Pidured, and hung up againft the wall with a fmall Wax- candle before it, which they light when they fay their Prayers. The Pidfures of the Virgin M.try^ and of St. NichoLis their Patron, are in great veneration amongft them. And the fign of the Crofs is the ordinary Preface to all their Civil Adlions. On Sundays and their Ftl^ival Days, they go three times to Church, Morning, Noon, and Evemng, andareftand-
L 2 ing,
76 Of Mufcovy^ &c.
ing, and uncovered at the time of Divine Service. Befides their Or- dinary Fafts on Wednefdays, Fridays, and the Eves before Holidays, they have four Lents every year, during which they eat neither Butter, Eggs, nor Milk, only the hrft week of their chief Lent ferves them as a Carnaval \ but after this the moft ftridt of them eat no Fi(h but on Sundays, and drink nothing but Qjiaz or fair water.
They commonly take the Communion on a Fafting-day, at Noon- fervicc ; and if any one receives it on a Sunday, he muR not eat Flefti that day. "Tis adminiflr^d in both kinds with Leavened Bread, and Wine mingled with warm water. They believe noTranfubthntiati- on, nor rei^ki-n no Adultery but marrying another man's Wife. They have many Wives, allow of Divorcement, and yet ufe the deceitful by ways of F'ilihinefs and Tncontinency. It is a dangerous matter ta tranfgrefs the Law of Wedlock, and the Woman is terribly over- watched, is fufpicioufly reftraincd frcm walking abroad. They be- lieve no Purgatory, but hold two didindf places where the Sou^s re- main that are feparated from the Bodies. Yet allow Prayers for the Dead. They hold Baptifm of great Importance. And admit Chil- dren of feven years old to come to the ^ acrament. All their Images are in flat Painting. They never fealt but upon the Annunciation of the Virgn. They have a Patriarch at M/co, the chief of their Religion. Three Archhijhops or Metropolitans at Rofthou^ at Sufdal^ and at Grand Novogrode •. Biftiops at Wologda^ at Refan , at Sufdal^ at 1n>er, at 7o- bolesha^ at Ajhacan^zt Cafan^ at Plefcou, at Colomna'^ and almoft in all the Provinces of the Great Duke, being all chofen out of the body of their Monks. They have this good quality, that they force no man's Confciencci they hate the Roman-Catholics for the Exorbitances com- mitted by them, when ihtVolanders became Maiiers oi Mofco, in the Year i6ii. But there are like wife fome Idolaters oi them toward the North.
The Rivers of Mufcovy are i/?, Volga, the Rhe oiPtol. Edd. Tartaris, Thamar Armenis, the greateft River in Europe, throws it felf into the Cafpian Sea, after it has roull'd above feven hundred Leagues. The Vuvine, after it has run by the Cities of moft Trade in Mufcovy, by lix months, empties it felf into the Gulf of St.NichoLts, which is called the IVhite Sea, becaufe of the Snow that environs it.
The Donn, Tanais Strab. Plin^ Mela, & alis, which feparates Europe from Jfta, begins not above a hundred Leagues from the place v/here it ends, and yet it winds above fix hundred miles , hrft towards the Ea/?, and then towards theVFeft-, formerly a conjundtion of thefe three Rivers was defigned, to the end the principal Seas of our Continent
might.;
Of Mtifcovy^ &C. 77
might have participated one with another, to facilitate the Trade o^ the Octan , Mediterraneafi, and Cafpian , but the contrivance fail'd. There are few good Cities in thefe parts j none, or very few, being pav'd, and thofe that be, are pav'd with Wood^ very JFew Fortified or Waird, but have tillM Land between the Streets. The Houfes are low, and made of Vv'ood and Lome 5 a man may go to Market and buy one of thefe Houfes ready built, and fo to be carried away 5 great fires happen oft'times, by reafonboth of their Timber buildings, and for that the combuftible matter iseafily feton fire by the great quanti- fy of Tapers which they light before their Images, and which the Mafcovites^ who are very apt to be drunk, take no care to put out.
The Ertates of Af^/cc/t'^ comprehend 3 Kingdoms, about 30 Dutchies or Provinces, and about 20 People or Nations, who live by Herds or Communities y a Countrey not fo Populous as Spacious, nor much frequented by Grangers 5 and therefore I cannot give a certain ac- count of its Provinces and Nations, much lefs of their Bounds^ Lengthy and Breadth, as fome Pretenders to Geography have done.
Mfcha^ f.H MjfcHj, or Mfcorv^ which is the Capital City, and the Reiiderce of the Grand I)Hkc, fcems rather to be a huge heap of Himkts^ th'?.n a good City. It had above 40000 Houfes, butnov/ there are far lefs, fince it has been fo often plundered by the LiJferTar- tars^znd the Poles ; in Jnno 1571. the 'Tartars fired it : And efpecially iince the laft fire that happened there, i(558. It hath three Walls, one of Brick, another of Stone, a third of Wood, feparating the four Quarters of the Town. The greatdl Ornament of the City are the Churches, of which St. Michad\ is the chief, in which the Tombs of the 'Tzdrs are placed-, the Steeples of the Churches are covered wirh Copper, whofe glittering feems to redouble the brightnefs of the Sun.
The Tzjrs Cjaix\t^ called Kremdmagrod^ is about two miles in Cir- cumference, and contains two fair Palaces, one of Stone, and the other of Wood, built after the Itrf/o« falhion ; befides the Imperial C''urt, there are feveral other fpacious Palaces for the Bojors or No- bility ; as alfo for Priefts, amongft which that of the Patriarch is the moft Magnificent ; and over-againft the Czars Palace is a fair Church, built after the Model of the Temple of Jerufalem , from whence it is fo called j near to which is the great Market for all Wares and Merchandizes. Volodimere^ the Refidenceof the Prince be- fore Mdfco was, lies in the moft fertile part of all Mufcovy^ defended by a Caftle. The Rivers of Mufco and Occa are thole whereby the Merchants convey, their Goods by Water, to the Volga, Little Novo^
grade
yS Of Mufcovy^ Sec,
grade is the laft Village in Europe, towards the Eail: ; Pleskott is well Forfihed, as being the Bulwark againft the Poles and Srvedes. Novo- grode the Great^ his been one of the four Magazines of the Hans Toxpns^ and a Town fo Rich and Potent, that the Inhabitants were wont to fay^ Who can wiibjiand Gody and great Novogorod ? But in the year 1577, the Great Duke Ivan Vafilorpitz took it , and carried away , ( as 'tis reported ) a hundred Wagons laden with Gold and Silver ^ yet it is Itill a Town of great Trader in the year i5ii, it was taken by the Swedijh General Pomus dela Gardie-^ and in the year 1^13, redelivered to the ^zxr of Mufcovy upon the Articles of Peace. Pksh^u is the only VVall:d City. Smolensho is a place of great ftrength. Petzwa is fenced with Mountains. Woroihi is defended with a Cattle. Archangel is the Staple of all Mufcovy^ by reafon of its Hiven : The Duties paid at coming in, and going out, an[iount to above iiK hundred thoufand Crowns a year. The Englifh were the hrft that began to fend their Ships thither 5 fince, they have been followed by other Nations of Europe. Formerly the Trade of Mufcovy was driven by palling through the Sound, and putting in at Nerva ; but the great Impolitions put upon the Merchandizes, by the Princes through whofe Countries they were to pafs, made them forfake that place. Rezm was the place that held out wh:n thztartars had taken Mfcorv ; the Gover- nour whereof, when he had got the Original of the Articles of the Treaty Signed by the Grand Czir, from the Tartarian General, refu- fed to furrender the Town, or deliver back the fchedule ; which was the occalion of the tartars overthrow, and the recovery of Mofcovy^ and the taking of Cafan, Ajlracan, &c. St. Nicholas alfo drives a great Trade at the entry of the Vuvine. Thefe are the only places that be- long to the Gr^zw^ r>^'^% upon the Ocean, "troitzt r\Qd,t Mjfcorv^ is the maft beautiful Convent in z\\ Mafcovia, whither the Grand Tzars do ufually go in Pilgrimage twice every year. CoUmgorodis renowned for the Fairs that are kept there in Winter time : The Duvine bears great VefTels to that place fo called. Ou'houg is in the middle of the Coun- irey ;. where it drives a good Trade, as being Seared in a place where two Rivers meet. Bsiides, the White Sea is full of Shoals and Rocks at the entry into it, and then the Snows m-ltin^, and the Torrents fwelling in the Spring time, carry the Water with fucb an impetuoli- ty, that Ships can hardly get in ; however there is great l^ore of Sal- mon caught therj. Kda and Petz'mJ^t in Lapland receive Trading Vef- iels. Taper, Pmnie, Kefchowa, Bkl'i^t, Jiroflj-w, Rolihjsv, Sujdal, Bie- tejezero^ Vjihga^ &c. bear the fam: name with their Provinces.
As
of Mufeovy, &c- 79
As for the Ccnqucfls of the Great Duke In APinu\7aYtary^ the principal places are Jftracan and Cafifj, which be^r the Title ot King- doms, belides Z.iw/i?^, 2nd Nagaia. C^yiw is a great City, with Walls and Towers of Wood, feated upon a Hill. 'Tis lahabircd by F.ujp.afis ■and Tartars^ but the Citad:l is Wailed with Stone, and kept only by Kujfrans ; Ajhacan was formerly the Seat of the Nag^ydn Tartars, it lies at the mouth of the River Volga, in the Ifland t).lgny-> 50 Dutch Leagues from ihcCafpian Sea 5 'tis environed with afirongStot:e-wall, upon which are feated 500 Brafs Cannon, befides a ttrong Garifon. Its many Tpwers and lofty Piles of Buildings, makes a noble ProfpecS". ^Tisa place of great Traffick, efpecially for Silk. In this Countrey grows the Plant Zoophyte^ that refembles a Lamb, it devours all the Herbs round about the Root ; and if it be cut, it yields a liquor as red as blood : the Wolves devour it as greedily, as if it were Mutton. Lo- comoria towards the Obi^ is inhabited by People, who, they fay, are Fro- zen up fix months in the year, becaufe they live in Tents environ'd with Snow, and never itir forth till it be melted. They are broad fa- ced, with little eyes, their Heads on one fide, and bigger than the proportion of their Bodies requires 3 (hortLegs, and Feet extremely big. Thus they appear clad in Skins, with a piece of wood in/lead of Shoes, thefe Skins they wear in the Winter , with the hairy fide in- ward ; in Summer, with the hair outward ; to few them, theyinake ufe of the fmall bones of Fi(h, and the Nerves of Beaib inftead of Needles and Thread ; they are the heft u4rchirs in the world. The Fingoefes exprefs their thoughts better by their throats than by their tongue?. Thefe Countries go all under the Name oi Si heriay a Province which affords the fairefi: and the richeft Fi^rrs, and whither the Lords in difgrace are banifti'd. The River Fefida bounds it^ for no man dares go beyond it, thoHorfes and feveral other things have been feen, which make us believe that it is as confideiable as Cathay^ which can= not be far from it.
Here is one Patriarch, four Archbifhopricks, eighteen Bifhops, and ^ no Univerfity.
This Countrey hath many Lakes, viz^ Ladoga^ Onega ^ Biela Ofera, Kefanskoy-Ofera^ Sec. Imanovc-Ofera^ the Source of the River Po//. .
The moft Renowned Foreft is that of Fpiphanovt?. Its Mountains arethofeof Camempoii^ or Stolp, that is, the Pillars of the World be° tvveenihe Ifuvine and the Oby^ (aid to be the Ancient B^iphean Moun-. tains.
Gil
8o
Volonia^ Hifpanis^ & Italis. La Pologne^ CaHis. Poland, Anglis. Tolojk^y Polis. Die Volen. Germanis.
I
POLO NIA, or Poland, which was formerly but a part of Sar- matia, is now a Kingdom of as large extent as any in iLurope.^ It is an aggregate Body, confifting of many diftind: Provinces, United into one Eftate, of whieh Poland being the Chief, hath given Name to
the
i
Of Poland. 81
the reft. It is 800 miles in length, and the breadth comprehending Li' vonia^ is almoft as much.
According to the Toltjh and 'Bohemian Hiftorians, they were, with the B^kwww/, originally Cro<j»i^n/,defcended from the S'c/^T/€/,and brought into thefe parts by Zechus and Lechm^ two Brethren baniftied out of their own Councrey. But this is refuted by Cromems. The more general opinion is, that they were Sarmatians^ who upon the depar- ture of the German Nation towards the Koman Frontiers, flock'd hi- ther, and byreafon of their common Languige^ or mixture with the Sclaves of IHyricum^ thus accounted j and being united in the common Name of Sclaves^ fetlcd in that part which we now call Voland-^ the Eftate hereof being much improved by the Conqueft of many Sarma- tian Counties. But whether Zechm and Lechus^ the Founders of the two Nations, by all Hiftorians, were Strangers or Native Inhabitants, is uncertain, fince all ancient Hiftory is filent herein. The time when thefe (hould arrive here, according to Hiftorian reports, was Anno 64P, under Lec|«j, a time indeed near unto the general flittingsof the Barbarous and Northern Nations, and therefore the more proba- ble. Poland has for many ages been a diftindt Sovereignty. The firft that was Eledive, was Piajius, ( after the failure of the former LineJ a plain Countrey-man, eledled Duke oi Poland^ An. 800. In Anno 96^^ they received the Gofpel j An. 1001, they had the Title of King con- ferred upon them by Otho the Emperor. Anno 1320, Sikfia fell from
i Poland to Bohemia^ and could never be recovered, ^nno 1385, they made the Great Duke of Lithmnia^ by Marriage into their King's Family, King ; and fo joined that Great Dukedom to Poland. Anno 1455, Capjnir adds Prufta^ and I5<^i, Livonia. Anno 1575, the Royal Family being extind , they chofe the Duke of Anjou^ Brother
'to Cbaries the ptb. King of France, but he quickly left it for the Crown of France, Anno I'yjp. they chofe Bathor, Prince of Tranfilva- nia \ he dying without Iffue, they chofe Sigifmmd^ the King oiSwedeh Son, about the year i5po, who turning Papift , and by the Jefuits Perfuafions endeavouring, to alter Religion in Srvedeland^ was ejeded, and lollng his Patrimonial Kingdom, only keeps Poland: Hence thofe lafting Wars between the two Nations. To him fucceeded Vladi/Iaui, famous for the memorable V dory againft the Mafcovites^ befieging Smoknsh^)^ Anno i6^i\.. King Cafimir fucceeded id>48. in whofetime the Kingdoms became extremely imbroiled by Fadions, efpecially by the mutinous and fed itiousCoffacks, and Confederate Nobles, under Lubomirsky^ and Foieign Enemies; fo that weary of his Crown, he laid it down, not obtaining leave to nominate his Sacceflbr. After
M long
82 Of Poland,
long Contentions they chofe Michael Wkfnowhhi i66p. The prefent King is John Sobiehki , renowned for the Relief of Vienna, His Revenue is computed to be doocoo Crowns /^er Annum^ ariling from Salt-^ and T/w, and Silver Mines : His Houlhold Expences, and Daugh- ters Portions, being at the Publick Charge. Nor do the Wars at any time exhaufi: his Treafure. Poland is very Fertile in Rye^ Wax and Honey. Other Commodities are, Flax^ Ma(is, Cordage^ Boards^ Wain- fcots, Itimber-, Rofm^ Tar^ Titcb^ Maich^ Iron, Vot-Afhes, and Brimjione. It is well furnilhed with Flejhf Forpl and Fijh ; Rich in Furrs , the fairei^ of which are brought thither out of Mufcovy. Near Cracovia, or Crakou, they dig Salt out of the Famous Salt-Pits that make a kind of City under ground , and yield a great Revenue. They boyl it in 'R.uffra, but in Podolia the Sun makes it. They have the Conveniency both of the B/^cJlj and Baltich^Seass but are not addidled to Traffick, neither are they well provided with Ships. The Rivers, called the Vifiula , & Viliilliis Plin. Iftula PioL Vifula Mela. Bifula jimtn. Vulgo IFixel vel Weixel. WeiJJ'el Incolis. Vifiule Gal. Vifiula Ital. The Niemen, the Cbronu: of Ptol. Memel Ger. Niemen Sclavis , teji. Cromero & Decio, But by Rithaymer and Erafmus Pergel. And the Dmna, or Vzrvina.^ the Rubo of Ptoh Vma, empty themfelves into the Baltic}^ The Bory- fihenes, Ari^, &c. Naparis Herod. Dnieper Decio. Brifna Leunel. Berefina Pacer &^berlienio Dnefier & Nefter Cromero. Nicpcr Mcr. Cluvcr Brief. The Bogg, Hypanis Arijh Herod. Plin. &c. And the Niefier. the Tyrof of Herod. Ptol. Tyra of Strab. & Plin. now the M/?er, or Niefter, Tejie Cromer & Eberjiin. Thefe empty themfelves into the Blacky Sea. The Vijiida runs by very fair Cities, but the mo'dihs o{ Boryjlhenes are under the Jurifdidion of the turkj, who in the Year i6j2. took the Vk^aine into his Protedion, having fubdued all Podolia, after the Surrender of the Fortrcfs Kamienie\. This Kingdom is Elecftive, being the only place in Europe where the People at this day freely retain and pradiife the Privilege to Elcd their King 5 yet the next of the Blood-royal commonly iuccecds.
The Goveriiment is an Ariftocratical Monarchy, where the Sena- tors have fo much Authority, that when we name dit Qaiiity ■f the State, we may call it the Kingdom and Commonwealth of FAand. The Smate is compofed of ArchblfJjjpj , Bijhops , Palatines , Principal Cafhllains, and Great OJp.cers of the Kingdom. The Prince, line the King of Bees, or a Royal Shadow , cannot Ad: agaiilft his Nobles, without the Confent of the Senators : Yet his Dignity is fo far con- fidered, that never any one attempted againft the Life of any of his PredecefTois. Their Kings were more anciently Free and Soveraign :,
but
Of P eland, Zi
but by the common calamity of Elcdive States, now bereft of Ptoyal Right and Prerogatives, having hmited power, governing according to the ftrid Laws and Dircdions of the Co/wd/ and P/ef, who lolely have full liberty to confult of, and determine the main Affairs of the Kingdom; Thefe are of two iorts, i. The Senate afore faid : 2. The General Diets, which are compofed of the Orders aforefaid,of the Se- nate or Council, and of the Delegates of each Province, and chiefer City, fent in the name of the reft of the Nobility. Thefe are for the more high and important bufinefs of Republick Kingdoms, not de- terminable by the Senate.
fVarfaw^ or Varfovia^ is ufually the place of Eledion 5 and Crah^w^ or Cracovia^ that of the Coronation. The Archbifhop oiGmfna^ Pri- mate of the Kingdom, Crowns the King, and has almoft all the Au- thority during the Interregnum ; for then he prefides in the Senate, and gives Audience to Emhaffadors. He alfo contefts with the Cardials for precedency j and therefore there are few in Poland. His Fuevenue is above 1 50000 Livres a year. The Kingdom has thrc e Orders ; the Churchy the Nobility ^ and the 'third Eftatt ^ which comprehends all thofe which are not of the Nobily.
Though all forts of Religions are here to be found, yet the Roman Catholickjs mod predominant j therefore the Clergy arc next in Supe- riority to the Kingi and then the Palatines and Cajielianis. Wi'ittcn fixed Laws they have but a few, if any ; Cuftom and Temporary Edidfs be- ing the Rule both of their Government and Obedience.
The Polanders wear long Garments, (have their Hair upon the Chin, and leave only one tuft oi Hair upon their Heads , in remembrance of Caftmer the Firft, whom they fetched out of a Monaliery to be their King. They are generally handfome, tall, well proportioned j good Soldiers, and fpeak the Latin Tongue very fluently. The Gen- try are more Prodigal than Liberal; Coftly in their Apparel, Delici- ous in their Diet 5 very free and liberal; but the Peafants no better than Slaves. The Abfolute Power they pretend to, and ill Ufages of the Nobles towards the Commonalty, and Feuds one with another, was certainly the caufe of the Revolt of the Cojfacks^ and produced all the Diforders in the Kingdom, Their C^^t'i^/r)' is very conliderjble; in- fomuch, that if they were but united^ they might be able to bring in- to the Field above an 1 00000 Horfe. The Contidence they have therein, and their Fear to render a Knight or a Burgher too Potent, has made them negled fortifying their Towns. Their Horfes are of a middle fize, but quick and lively -, pompoufly harneffed in Silk, Gold, Silver, and Precious Stones. Their Weapons are generally a Scywi-
M 2 tar^
8^4 Of Poland.
tar, Svmrd^ Battel-j^x^ Carhim-, Bows and Arrows, The Cojfac]^ had always a peculiar Difcipline m War , though they were the fame Na- tion. At firft, they were Voluntiers that madelncurfions upon the T^rj^and Tartars. King Bathors reduced them into a Body, and joined to them two thoufand Horfe, to whom he afligned the fourth part of his Revenue. Their Habitations are in the lower parts of Volhinia and Fodolia, which they call the Ukraine j which Country is the beft peopled, and the molt Fertile in all Poland. There are o ther Co/pc/^/ that live in the Iflands of the Boryjihenes^ which is not Navigable, by reafon of the Falls, which they call Porotvis. Their Cuftom was for- merly to put to Sea with feveral flight Veffels, and to plunder the Territories of the Great Turl{ th^t lie upon the Black^Sea. Some years fince, thefe People Revolted, notwithltanding the Lot which was of- fered them of /C»^jc/;^upon the Boryjibenes^ and began the Misfortunes of the Kingdom ; for they leagued themfelves wiih the LeiTer TartarSy and put themfelves into the Great Turk^s Protection : Infomuch that we may fafely fay, That the Invalion ot the Stvedes, the Hoftilities of the Mufcovites^ the Irruption of the Tranjylvanians , the Treachery of the Cojfacktf , the Rebellion of whole Armies in Poland and Lithuania^ the d liferent FaCfions of the Kingdom^ the Contefts of the Neighbouring Nations, gave a cruel Blow to this Crown, and were the caufes that moved the Great Turk to make war upon them.
Po/W contains Ten great Divifions 5 four to the Weft , and upon theViliula: Poland^ Mazovia-, Cujavia, and Pr«//?j the Royal. Six tOr ward the Eaft 5 and to the Weft of Boryjihenes , Lithuania, Samogitia^ Tolaqma^ Nigra KuJJia, Volhinia^ and Podolia. Thefe Provinces have been gained, for the moft part, either by Arms, or Alliances. They are divided into Palatinates^ the Palatinates into CaJiellainSf and the Car jietlains into Captainjhips. They call the Government of places Staro- flies. Befides thefe Provinces , there is one part of Mnfcovia , which was yielded to the Mufcovite in the Year 16^^. after that Ladi' Jlaus the Fourth, before he was King, had the year before valiantly relieved Smolensho, and reduced to utmoft Extremity an Army of an hundred thoufand Mufcovite s^'who were conftrained to ask him pardon to fave their Lives. That Treaty which they call the Treaty of Viaf- ma, gained to Poland, Smolenskp , Novogr^deck^^ Sevierkj: CzernihoUf and other places. The Truce for thirteen years, beginning February ib6j, leaves the Grand Dike oiMufcovy.'wi the pofieiTion of Smolen-r sko •-, a alfo of that p^rt of the Vl^raine, to the Ezi\ of oorylihenes, and le- gained to the Ctov^n of Poland, Vunenhourg, Poloczk^^nd H^itepsk^. Dttcal.Prtflfiay ox Borufta {vfhese.Hzuds Konigsberg^ 01 Mons Regius, a
Of Poland. ^
fdr City, Univerfity, and Mart) generally by our Seamen called ^lueen' bororp, belongs to the Eledlor of Brandenburgh , who is abfolute Sove" reign of it, independent fronn Foland, The City is fo much the bigget, becaufe it inclofeth two others within the fanne circuit of Walls. Pi' tavia^ Pitau^ and Munelium^ Memel ^ are two Forts upon the Sea^ of the greateft concernment of any in that Dominion. Cttrland is a Duke- dom, for which tiie Duke, of the Houfe of Ketler, does homage to the Crown : His Refidence is at Mitan>^ the chief of <he Province of Semi^ gaVii In Livonia j near this City Zernesky^ the Polifh General, and L«- bermisky the great Chancellor, vanquifhed the Stvedifh Army, and kil- led 14000 upon the place. And Vindavo was the Seat of the great Mafter of the Tr«to«ic^ Order.
Poland^ the be ft Peopled, is divided into Vpper ^.n^ Lon>er. The Higher or Little Poland^ contains three Palatines, viz Crakow^ Sando- mira and Lublin. Cracovia^ or Crack^n>^ the chief City in all Poland^ where the Kings and ^eens are Crowned, is inhabited by a great r\\imhcto( Germans y Jews, diwd Italians, encompaffed with two ftrong Walls of St( ne \ on the Eaft-fide is the King's Caftle, on the Weft a Chappel, where the Kings are Interred. Upon the Confines of Sile- fia ftands the City of Czentochorv , with the Cloyfkr of Najire-damc of Clermont j an extraordinary ftrong place, and which the Swedes be- iTeged iii vain twice, in the Year 16^^, and 1655. Sandomiria, or Sendomierz, a Walled Town and Caftle upon a Hill. Lublin^ ox hub' linum, is a Walled Town, with a ftrong Caftle environed with Waters and Marifties Here are held three great Fairs at the Feafts of Peute- cofl^ St. Simon and St. Jnde, and at Candlemof, and much reforted un- to by Merchants. The Lower Poland, though leffer than the Higher^ is neverthelefs called Great Poland ; becaufe it is more a part of the Kingdom than the other, and contains eight Palatinates, viz Pofna^ Kalifh, Ploc2^0j V.brzin, Citjavia. Rava, Lancicia 2i.nd Siradia. The Ci- ty of Guefna there Seated, in the Palatinate of Kalijh, is very Ancient, ^nd the Seat of the hrft Kings, fo called from an Eagle's Nett, which was found there while it was building, and which gave occafion to the King of Poland to bear Gules^ an Eagle Argent Crown'd , Beak'd - and Armed Or, bound under the Wings with a Ribband of the fame, Kalifch, Califtj, is a Walled Town upon the Profna, naming the Coun- try. The Province of Mjzcvia only has above thirty or forty thou- fand Gentlemen, the moft ^2iXt Cnthdickf ; Warfovia, Warfavp, is the Capital thereof, and of the whole Kingdom, in regard the General Diets are kept there, and becaufe its Caftle is the King's Court. Czerf- %is the Palatinate. In Ciqavia ftands the City VladiflaH^ wJiere the
Houfes
8^ Of Poland.
Hcufes are built of Brick ; and the Like Gopla, out of which came the Rats that devoured King ?<?;>/>/. Pofania, oi Pofen, is a BKhop's See, feated amongft Hills upon the River IFarfatv, fairly built of Stone, fub- jed to Inundations, chief of the Palatinate. In which is alfo Miedzyr- zecze^ a ftrongTovvn upon the Borders of Schlcfia, impregnably feated an:iongft Waters and Marfties. Kofden , a double Walled Town a- monglt dirty Madhes. Siradia^ Sirad ^ a Walled Town and Callle feated upon the River Warfavp , naming the Country j fometimes a